The implementation of the new round of hundred billion catty grain production capacity improvement action relies heavily on the growth of total factor productivity（TFP） by strengthening scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation，which is the basic compliance with the theory of economic growth，the historical experience of increasing grain production in China，and the inevitable requirement for accelerating the construction of an agricultural powerhouse.During the previous round of grain production capacity improvement（2009-2020），the TFP of wheat，rice and corn，the three major grain crops in China，showed an overall growth trend，with TFP contributing more than 50% to output growth.However，compared to others，the growth rate and contribution of rice TFP were relatively slow and low.There are significant differences in TFP growth between different regions and different farmers，especially in non-food production areas and small-scale grain farmers，where the contribution of TFP to output growth needs to be improved.Therefore，in the future，it is necessary to follow the new development concept，improve the quality and fragmentation degree of cultivated land，accelerate technological innovation in the frontiers of grain seed industry，promote the high-quality development of agricultural mechanization，improve the agricultural technology promotion system and establish a sound mechanism for protecting the income of grain farmers，helping TFP play a more important role in promoting the increase of grain production capacity.