Using three waves of panel data from the China Family Panel Studies，this study empirically tests the impact of rural-urban student mobility on labor supply decisions in rural households using time fixed effects panel model and instrumental variable model.The research finds that：1）Rural-urban student mobility leads to a 7.75% decrease in the participation in paid labor among rural households，with no significant impact on time spent in paid labor，and results in an 11.28% increase in participation in non-agricultural labor.2）Mechanism analysis shows that these results are due to adjustments in labor division within rural households，where the primary market labor contributors tend to increase their time in paid labor，while those mainly responsible for household labor tend to exit market sector labor or engage in non-agricultural labor in urban areas for the purpose of accompanying their children in education.3）The impact of rural-urban student mobility on labor supply decisions varies across different stages of schooling，ranges of mobility，and generational structures.Based on these findings，targeted policy recommendations are proposed from three perspectives：sharing the educational costs of rural-urban migrant students，supporting employment for rural parents accompanying their children，and providing differentiated assistance in various contexts.