How to unleash the fertility potential of the population while ensuring the full employment of rural female labor force is a major practical problem facing China’s social development.Utilizing data from the China Family Panel Survey （CFPS） conducted in 2014、 2016、 2018 and 2020，this study empirically examines the impact of the implementation of the comprehensive childbirth policy on the precarious employment of rural female labor force through a difference-in-differences （DID） model.The research results indicate that the adjustment of the birth policy has increased the unstable employment among the rural female labor force，with age heterogeneity within the female population and regional heterogeneity between rural males and rural females.Despite its positive effect on the unstable employment of rural women of childbearing age，the adjustment of the fertility policy encroaches on employment opportunities for other rural female labor force groups not targeted by the policy.To promote the balanced development of population structure and high-quality employment for rural women，it is necessary to pay attention to the employment security of both policy target and non-target groups，as well as the environmental differences caused by long-term fertility policies.This approach can maximize the effectiveness of policy tools to meet the demands of population transformation and economic development.