Measuring the changes in grain production efficiency and total factor productivity（TFP），and revealing the sources of TFP growth in China’s grain sector，are of great significance for promoting sustainable grain production and ensuring food security.Based on provincial-level panel data of the grain industry，this article incorporates climate factors as exogenous uncontrollable input factors into the grain TFP measurement system.Using a specialized measurement （MS） model，the growth of grain TFP is measured and decomposed into technological progress，input change，climate change，and efficiency change，thereby providing a detailed analysis of China’s grain TFP growth and its composition over the past 25 years.The results show that China’s grain TFP has increased by 93.52% over 25 years， mainly driven by frontier technological progress and factor input effects.Changes in technological efficiency have slowed grain TFP growth，while climate change has had a significant negative effect on grain TFP growth.Moreover，the level of grain production efficiency in China is not high and shows a declining trend in general，but regional disparities in grain production efficiency among provinces are gradually narrowing.Additionally，the impact of climate change on grain TFP growth is mixed but predominantly adverse.Except for the northeast region，all other six regions experienced negative effects of climate change on grain TFP growth.Climate change plays a significant role in the distributional changes of grain TFP growth，with varying effects across different regions and crops.