Cultivated land consolidation is a crucial pathway for overcoming bottlenecks in green food development，ensuring national food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development. Based on micro-survey data of 1362 farmering households in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin，this study employs the least squares method to explore the impact and mechanisms of cultivated land consolidation on green grain production efficiency.The findings indicate that cultivated land consolidation can significantly improve the efficiency of green grain production.Cultivated land consolidation improves the efficiency of green grain production by facilitating farmers to transfer cultivated land， promoting the adoption of agricultural socialized services，and reducing the use of chemical inputs.The positive effect of cultivated land consolidation on green production efficiency is more pronounced among high-efficiency farmers，households in the western regions， corn growers and small-scale farmers.Additionally，farmer-led consolidation and ecological restoration models are more effective in enhancing green production efficiency.Therefore， measures such as strengthening arable land consolidation，promoting farmland transfer and supporting the development of agricultural socialized service organizations should be implemented to improve the efficiency of green grain production，thereby accelerating the transition toward green agricultural development.