Industrial revitalization is the top priority of rural revitalization， and developing comprehensive rural revitalization through a new type of courtyard economy has become a key concern in academic research. Based on the theoretical framework of courtyard economy development and intensive fieldwork， the paper explores the history and evolution mechanism of courtyard economy development in mountainous areas of Guizhou province from the perspective of household operation by using a single case study method. The findings are as follows： First， the courtyard economy in the new era is not a return to traditional smallholder economy， but a process in which the operating entities embrace new concepts， develop new businesses， and connect with new markets. It is a microcosm of collaborative innovation and creation among proactive governments， household families， and effective markets. Second， the transformation of the courtyard“ small economy” into a“ big industry” for rural revitalization stems from the cumulative effect of household operations over time. It benefits from the market-demand-oriented approach centered on stimulating households’ entrepreneurial initiative， and from the strategic use of identity-based trust and market-based contracts to motivate more residents. In this process，the gravitational force of government organization， driving force of family wealth creation， pulling force of the open market， and supporting force of local culture jointly constitute the sources of momentum. Third， the courtyard economy is the embodiment of local ethical norms in economic activities， and the value orientation that emphasizes both righteousness and profit has objective functions in alleviating social tensions within villages， ensuring the reproduction of rural order， and consolidating village communities. Promoting the dialectical unity of family rationality and village community should be at the deepest level of practice evolution mechanism. Accordingly， this study proposes policy recommendations such as strengthening construction of primary organizations， enriching the forms of organizations， stimulating vitality of participating entities and optimizing the benefit mechanism so as to promote high-quality development of courtyard economy and rural revitalization in the new era.