The microscopic study of Shandong Laiyang “Xin Xiu” cooperative history as the research object, in-depth analysis farmer professional cooperative and its development under the background of agricultural modernization. “Highlight the characteristics and the value of “Xin Xiu” cooperative development reflected: “the expansion of business scale, to safeguard the economic interests, realize social benefit” cooperation “factors, mutual trust.” cooperation mechanism, “the circular economy, environmental protection” concept, “family farm” mode of cooperation, “pay attention to multiple win-win” social cooperative effect. Under the background of agricultural modernization, farmer specialized cooperative society reflected in national policy, farmers mutual benefit induced by internal self organization mechanism of two kinds of mechanism and logic. In the process of agricultural modernization, the healthy development of farmer specialized cooperatives should be strengthened, the realization of national policy guidance and the endogenous mechanism of organization fit, in order to realize the combination of many elements of the “people-oriented, harmonious, ecological and environmental protection, mutual cooperation”.