Based on microcosmic data from 689 households in rapeseed production demonstration counties of Sichuan,Hubei,Henan,Shanxi and Shanghai,this paper uses trans-log stochastic frontier approach to analyze the differences of technical efficiency distribution of households of different scale of operations in the rapeseed production and their impacting factors.The result shows that investment of major production elements had a significant effect on rapeseed yield,the order is pesticide inputs＞chemical fertilizer＞seed input＞labor input＞land input.The average technical efficiency of rapeseed production samples was 83.99 percent,there are still 16.01 percent to increase.Technical efficiency of different rapeseed production scale is totally different,which shows skew distribution in general.Among the major factors influencing farmers’ technical efficiency,education has a positive influence.On the other hand,factors such as number of family members who are trained by farming techniques,whether member of family is holding a post in the village or above or not,number of migrant workers,distance between farmers’ house and the nearest markets have a significant positive influence on technical efficiency of small-scale households.While technical efficiency of rapeseed production for large-scale households is quite sensitive to family size,family members who are trained by farming techniques and the percentage of rapeseed income in the total family income.