Considering the dual contradiction of insufficient effective demand and shortage of cultivated land resources under the background of high inventory in China, this paper tries to explore ways to improve the comprehensive production capacity of Chinese cotton from the perspective of TFP. Based on the DEAMalmquist model, this paper analyzes China cotton TFP changes and differences from 2001 to 2014 , and uses dynamic panel LS method to estimate the main influencing factors of TFP index. The result shows that Chinese cotton TFP is declining, technological progress is the main factor in the increase of cotton TFP, and Xinjiang cotton shows a potential for development.Among all of the influencing factors, the proportion of cotton sown area and the disaster level had the most significant influence on cotton TFP.There are some differences in the influencing factors and the degree of cotton TFP in different regions, especially the mechanical input elements. The Yellow River and Yangtze River have showed a significant negative effect, while in the inland Northwest it has a significant positive effect.