Based on the micro survey data from 1052 vegetable growers in Shandong,Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces,this paper conducts a theoretical framework on transformation from farmers’ willingness of agricultural environmental protection to behavior based on farmers’ fairness perception and adopts path analysis and Bayesian nonlinear structure equation model. The result shows that the willingness of agricultural environmental protection is easy to transform into behavior when the farmers’ fairness perception is high. On the contrary,the intention has no significant effect on behavior. Furthermore,there are both direct and indirect effects of farmers’ fairness perception on behavior. Farmers’ lower fairness perception leads to high willingness of agricultural environmental protection but low behavior. Farmers’ fairness perception has a significant negative effect on the transformation from willingness to behavior. Consequently,farmers’ willingness and behavior should be differentiated in the analysis of farmers’ agricultural environmental behavior. Farmers’ fairness perception should be considered and farmers’ participation should be encouraged when policymakers are formulating the agricultural environmental policy. The implementation of agricultural environmental policy should be open and transparent.