This paper analyzes the changing trends of cognition on old-age insurance responsibility by using Chinese General Social Survey Data(CGSS20102013) and investigates the microscopic factor which affects it.The result shows that children’s support for the elderly is still a widespread responsibility cognition,but showing a gradual weakening trend.Instead,it is replaced by three party responsibility,government responsibility and elderly responsibility.These four types of cognition on oldage insurance responsibility present a cognitive difference sequence of old-age responsibility.And the factors such as demographic characteristics,regions,institutions,cultures and children have all showed significant effects on the differences of cognition on oldage insurance responsibility.The traditional intergenerational responsibility ethics shows a kind of inheritance and disruptive imbalance.Under the background of population aging,it is not a suitable national condition to rely entirely on the state and society support for the elderly,but the role of the traditional inter-generational responsibility ethics should be largely played.Rebuilding the intergenerational responsibility ethics requires the coordination between the state,the society and the family and between the formal system and informal system in order to cope with the grim tasks of Chinese population aging at present and in the future.