The change of Chinese farmers’ living consumption caused by land expropriation is inevitable; human capital investment is an important channel to sustain and improve their living standards.Based on the data from Chinese Households Income Project,this paper analyzed the impact of land expropriation on farmers’ living consumption and human capital investment (including education and health) by applying the Propensity Score Matching Method based on Logit Model.The results show that land expropriation significantly increased farmers’ living consumption and human capital investment,and their household heads’ characteristics and family’s health and security conditions significantly influenced households’ living consumption and human capital investment; land expropriation significantly drove farmers’ living consumption to climb by 19.0% to 22.2% and increased farmers’ investment in education by 9.6% to 15.5%,as well as in health by 20.6% to 20.9%.In addition,farmers in the eastern China had higher living consumption and invested more on education and health than those in the mid-west after land expropriation.Thus,the government should notice the differences among farmers’ households whose land has been expropriated,provide further guide for their human capital investment,help them to live through this transitional stage in different regions,and improve their capability to gain a sustainable livelihood.