Abstract:Using the mixed-sectional data of China Comprehensive Social Survey (CGSS) in 2013 and 2015,this paper constructed a dual logistic regression model and OLS regression model to comprehensively examine the influence of social capital on the health of urban and rural elderly from the two dimensions of physical health and mental health and test the two theories of social integration theory and network relationship theory. The result shows that individual and collective social capital have a significant positive effect on the physical and mental health of the elderly,so do the socioeconomic status,income and education. Gender and age will affect the physical health of the elderly,while marriage will affect their mental health. The impact of family size is not remarkable. However,when considering the urban-rural structural differences,the impact of individual social capital on the physical and mental health of urban elderly is not significant,while family size has a significant positive effect on the mental health of rural elderly. Therefore,it is necessary to promote the social communication of urban elderly,improve the socioeconomic status of the elderly and encourage rural children to go home often to visit their parents so as to create a healthy-aging society.