The safety of feeding zebrafish and rats with insect powder obtained from different materials transformed by Hermertia illucens L. was evaluated to compare the differences in physiological，biochemical and histopathological indicators of zebrafish and rats. Zebrafish and rats were divided into four groups including the control group made up of zebra fish fed with algae powder （CK1） and rats fed with traditional rat diet （CK2） ，chicken excrement feeding group fed with Hermertia illucens L. powder reared with chicken excrement （A group），kitchen waste feeding group fed with Hermertia illucens L. powder reared with kitchen waste（B group），and agricultural by-product feeding group fed with Hermertia illucens L. reared with agricultural by-product （C group）. The physiological，biochemical and histopathological indicators of zebrafish and rats were measured on 15 days and 28 days after feeding，respectively. The results showed that except for the A group，other groups had no significant effect on the physiological and biochemical indicators of zebrafish. The control，B and C group had no significant effect on the histopathology of zebrafish and rats. The insect powder in each group had significant effects on the physiological and biochemical indicators of rats，but they were all maintained at normal values. It is indicated that insect powder obtained entirely from the transformation of the kitchen waste and agricultural by-products by Hermertia illucens L. can serve as the open feed with high-nutrient for zebrafish and feed for short-term feeding of rats.