显示方式：
2025,44(2):1-8
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.001
Abstract:
The digitalization of the aquaculture industry is essential for the modernization of China’s fishery industry.Given that the development of digital aquaculture in China is still in its exploratory stage， there is an urgent need to learn from typical models and summarize international experiences.The paper takes the main ways of integrating current digital technologies with aquaculture as the entry point.By analyzing typical cases empowered by digital technology in China， it dissects the main modes and bottlenecks of digital development of China’s aquaculture industry.It explores the basic path for the digital development of China’s aquaculture industry based on relevant foreign experiences， and puts forward relevant suggestions.This paper argues that to improve the level of digital development in China’s aquaculture industry， it is necessary to increase investment and management of aquaculture data collection and utilization， support research and development as well as the integrated application of digital technologies in aquaculture， enhance farmer participation in the digitalization process， and strengthen the research and formulation of policies related to the digitalization of aquaculture.
The digitalization of the aquaculture industry is essential for the modernization of China’s fishery industry.Given that the development of digital aquaculture in China is still in its exploratory stage， there is an urgent need to learn from typical models and summarize international experiences.The paper takes the main ways of integrating current digital technologies with aquaculture as the entry point.By analyzing typical cases empowered by digital technology in China， it dissects the main modes and bottlenecks of digital development of China’s aquaculture industry.It explores the basic path for the digital development of China’s aquaculture industry based on relevant foreign experiences， and puts forward relevant suggestions.This paper argues that to improve the level of digital development in China’s aquaculture industry， it is necessary to increase investment and management of aquaculture data collection and utilization， support research and development as well as the integrated application of digital technologies in aquaculture， enhance farmer participation in the digitalization process， and strengthen the research and formulation of policies related to the digitalization of aquaculture.
2025,44(2):9-16
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.002
Abstract:
A non-contact method of measuring the body size of pigs based on stereo-infrared images was established to address the issues of common color images easily affected by environmental lighting and depth images prone to producing holes in the process of measuring the body size of pigs. Infrared images were used to extract foreground of pigs. Ellipse fitting and projection difference methods were used to segment the head and tail of pig. Convex hull analysis and symmetry testing methods were used to select the ideal posture of the pig. Stereo images were used to obtain depth information of the pig， and a homography matrix was used to fuse the advantages of both the infrared and stereo images. A method of measuring the body size of pigs was designed based on these. The results showed that the contours of the pig extracted from the infrared images were clear and smooth. The algorithm of selecting ideal posture had an accuracy of 94.0%. The average relative error of the measurements for body length， body width， hip width， body height， and hip height was 1.78%， 3.26%， 3.20%， 1.92%， and 2.27%， respectively， with an overall average relative error of 2.49% and an average absolute error of 1.42 cm. It is indicated that the algorithm proposed meets the requirements of accuracy for measuring the body size of pigs. It will provide a feasible solution for continuously and automatically measuring the body size of pigs.
A non-contact method of measuring the body size of pigs based on stereo-infrared images was established to address the issues of common color images easily affected by environmental lighting and depth images prone to producing holes in the process of measuring the body size of pigs. Infrared images were used to extract foreground of pigs. Ellipse fitting and projection difference methods were used to segment the head and tail of pig. Convex hull analysis and symmetry testing methods were used to select the ideal posture of the pig. Stereo images were used to obtain depth information of the pig， and a homography matrix was used to fuse the advantages of both the infrared and stereo images. A method of measuring the body size of pigs was designed based on these. The results showed that the contours of the pig extracted from the infrared images were clear and smooth. The algorithm of selecting ideal posture had an accuracy of 94.0%. The average relative error of the measurements for body length， body width， hip width， body height， and hip height was 1.78%， 3.26%， 3.20%， 1.92%， and 2.27%， respectively， with an overall average relative error of 2.49% and an average absolute error of 1.42 cm. It is indicated that the algorithm proposed meets the requirements of accuracy for measuring the body size of pigs. It will provide a feasible solution for continuously and automatically measuring the body size of pigs.
2025,44(2):17-28
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.003
Abstract:
The dynamic feeding and growth process of breeding pigs during the performance testing was used to solve the problem of accurate segmentation of pigs caused by complex environments in pig farms， dynamic growth of pigs， and changes in body size. A pig video dataset consisting of 234 video sequences was constructed. A XMem-SimAM based semi-supervised video segmentation of pigs was proposed. The ability of model to extract temporal information at different scales was improved and the temporal features of pigs' dynamic movements were captured by introducing SimAM attention for multi-scale feature fusion. The spatial-channel attention module was used to enhance the model's extraction of temporal semantic feature weights. The strategy for multi-scale feature fusion and upsampling module were optimized. The temporal correlation information in video sequences was fully utilized to improve the segmentation accuracy of pigs in videos at a fine-grained level. The results of testing and comparison showed that the Jaccard index， contour accuracy F-score， average metric J&F， and the Dice coefficient of of XMem-SimAM model on the pig video dataset was 96.9， 95.8， 98.0， and 98.0， superior to that of video object segmentation methods including MiVOS， STCN， DEVA， and XMem++， demonstrating its outstanding performance of segmentation. The processing speed reached 58.5 frames per second， with a memory consumption of 795 MB at the stage of reasoning， achieving a good balance between the efficiency of processing and the utilization of resource. The proposed method can be applied to video segmentation of dynamically growing pigs in the complex environments of a pig farm.
The dynamic feeding and growth process of breeding pigs during the performance testing was used to solve the problem of accurate segmentation of pigs caused by complex environments in pig farms， dynamic growth of pigs， and changes in body size. A pig video dataset consisting of 234 video sequences was constructed. A XMem-SimAM based semi-supervised video segmentation of pigs was proposed. The ability of model to extract temporal information at different scales was improved and the temporal features of pigs' dynamic movements were captured by introducing SimAM attention for multi-scale feature fusion. The spatial-channel attention module was used to enhance the model's extraction of temporal semantic feature weights. The strategy for multi-scale feature fusion and upsampling module were optimized. The temporal correlation information in video sequences was fully utilized to improve the segmentation accuracy of pigs in videos at a fine-grained level. The results of testing and comparison showed that the Jaccard index， contour accuracy F-score， average metric J&F， and the Dice coefficient of of XMem-SimAM model on the pig video dataset was 96.9， 95.8， 98.0， and 98.0， superior to that of video object segmentation methods including MiVOS， STCN， DEVA， and XMem++， demonstrating its outstanding performance of segmentation. The processing speed reached 58.5 frames per second， with a memory consumption of 795 MB at the stage of reasoning， achieving a good balance between the efficiency of processing and the utilization of resource. The proposed method can be applied to video segmentation of dynamically growing pigs in the complex environments of a pig farm.
2025,44(2):29-38
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.004
Abstract:
An automatic supplement system of milk for piglets in the farrowing unit of large-scale pig farms with homeothermia circulation was designed to realize the functions including preparing milk， feeding circularly， and cleaning automatically to solve the problem of low level of automation in nursing piglets in large-scale pig farms. The overall structure and working principle of the supplement system of milk for piglets were explained. The structural design and theoretical analyses of key components including the mixing tanks， stirrers， circulation pipelines， delivery pumps， and auxiliary heaters were conducted. A control system for the supplement of milk was developed with Siemens S7-200 SMART as the core processor. Human-computer interaction through a touchscreen was realized by controlling the flow state of the milk solenoid valves and relays， and monitoring the physical parameters of milk with flow sensors， temperature sensors， liquid level sensors， etc. A prototype was manufactured and the performance of prototype was tested. The results showed that the overall average coefficient of variation for the uniformity of the milk prepared by stirring was 0.435%， and the pipeline pressure ranged from 26.0 kPa to 65.2 kPa. All milk refilling bowls were filled with milk within 6.1 seconds， with the temperature of milk controlled between 40 ℃ and 42 ℃. It is indicated that the designed automatic supplement device of milk for piglets in the farrowing unit has good uniformity of milk， reasonable distribution of pressure， with the temperature of the milk meeting the requirements of supplementing milk for piglets， thereby satisfying the production needs of automatic supplement of milk for piglets in the farrowing unit.
An automatic supplement system of milk for piglets in the farrowing unit of large-scale pig farms with homeothermia circulation was designed to realize the functions including preparing milk， feeding circularly， and cleaning automatically to solve the problem of low level of automation in nursing piglets in large-scale pig farms. The overall structure and working principle of the supplement system of milk for piglets were explained. The structural design and theoretical analyses of key components including the mixing tanks， stirrers， circulation pipelines， delivery pumps， and auxiliary heaters were conducted. A control system for the supplement of milk was developed with Siemens S7-200 SMART as the core processor. Human-computer interaction through a touchscreen was realized by controlling the flow state of the milk solenoid valves and relays， and monitoring the physical parameters of milk with flow sensors， temperature sensors， liquid level sensors， etc. A prototype was manufactured and the performance of prototype was tested. The results showed that the overall average coefficient of variation for the uniformity of the milk prepared by stirring was 0.435%， and the pipeline pressure ranged from 26.0 kPa to 65.2 kPa. All milk refilling bowls were filled with milk within 6.1 seconds， with the temperature of milk controlled between 40 ℃ and 42 ℃. It is indicated that the designed automatic supplement device of milk for piglets in the farrowing unit has good uniformity of milk， reasonable distribution of pressure， with the temperature of the milk meeting the requirements of supplementing milk for piglets， thereby satisfying the production needs of automatic supplement of milk for piglets in the farrowing unit.
2025,44(2):39-48
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.005
Abstract:
An improved YOLOv8n method was used for facial recognition of Angus cattle in captive environments to solve the problem of difficulty in distinguishing facial features caused by Angus cattle's unique black fur and to achieve the accurate and non-contact recognition. A dataset containing 11 000 facial images of 200 Angus cattle at different stages of growth was constructed. Introducing an innovative and enhanced receptive field feature fusion module was introduced to enhance the model's focus on key features. A novel lightweight detection head （LPCDH） was designed for recognizing the facial feature of Angus cattle. The group Taylor pruning method was used to eliminate irrelevant neurons by estimating their importance，thereby reducing computational costs and memory usage，and improving the deployment efficiency of the model. The results showed that the improved model achieved an average recognition accuracy of 92.6%，which was 11.5，3.8，1.8，1.9，5.1，3.9，3.7，and 2.4 percentage higher that of commonly used models including SSDs YOLOv5n，YOLOv8s，YOLOv8m，YOLOv9t，YOLOv10n，RT-Detr，and Mamba-YOLO model，respectively. The designed model was improved by 3.1 percentage in 4-fold cross-validation compared with the original YOLOv8n model. It is indicated that the constructed model is optimized for lightweight memory consumption and computational requirements，making it particularly suitable for real-time recognition on mobile devices and in practical applications，significantly improving the accuracy and efficiency of recognizing the facial feature of Angus cattle. It will have immense potential in individual recognition in the livestock industry.
An improved YOLOv8n method was used for facial recognition of Angus cattle in captive environments to solve the problem of difficulty in distinguishing facial features caused by Angus cattle's unique black fur and to achieve the accurate and non-contact recognition. A dataset containing 11 000 facial images of 200 Angus cattle at different stages of growth was constructed. Introducing an innovative and enhanced receptive field feature fusion module was introduced to enhance the model's focus on key features. A novel lightweight detection head （LPCDH） was designed for recognizing the facial feature of Angus cattle. The group Taylor pruning method was used to eliminate irrelevant neurons by estimating their importance，thereby reducing computational costs and memory usage，and improving the deployment efficiency of the model. The results showed that the improved model achieved an average recognition accuracy of 92.6%，which was 11.5，3.8，1.8，1.9，5.1，3.9，3.7，and 2.4 percentage higher that of commonly used models including SSDs YOLOv5n，YOLOv8s，YOLOv8m，YOLOv9t，YOLOv10n，RT-Detr，and Mamba-YOLO model，respectively. The designed model was improved by 3.1 percentage in 4-fold cross-validation compared with the original YOLOv8n model. It is indicated that the constructed model is optimized for lightweight memory consumption and computational requirements，making it particularly suitable for real-time recognition on mobile devices and in practical applications，significantly improving the accuracy and efficiency of recognizing the facial feature of Angus cattle. It will have immense potential in individual recognition in the livestock industry.
2025,44(2):49-61
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.006
Abstract:
The distribution of the temperature field， relative humidity field， and airflow velocity field in the current layer house was simulated with computational fluid dynamics （CFD） to optimize the thermal environment in a closed cage-rearing layer house under the mode of vertical ventilation in autumn. The accuracy of the numerical model was verified. The average THVI （temperature-humidity-velocity index） and coefficient of variation （CVTHVI） of the cage-rearing areas were calculated for the parameters of ventilation equipment including the angle of the guide plate at the front mountain wall tunnel inlet（θ1）， the angle of the guide plate at the side wall tunnel inlet（θ2） and ventilation volume of a suction fan at the end（Q） at three different levels by conducting 17 sets of orthogonal simulation experiments. The results showed that the average relative error of temperature， relative humidity， and airflow velocity at the 24 verification points set on the aisle of cage was 0.38%， 0.52%， and 4.62%， respectively， indicating that the accuracy of the numerical model is high. When the parameters of ventilation equipment θ1，θ2 and Q were set to 10°，90° and 42 000 m3/h， the average THVI and coefficient of variation CVTHVI of the airflow field in the cage-rearing areas was 25.65 and 1.64%， 1.61% and 23.93% lower than that of the original scheme of ventilation， beneficial for improving the suitability and balance of the thermal environment in the cage-rearing areas of the layer house.
The distribution of the temperature field， relative humidity field， and airflow velocity field in the current layer house was simulated with computational fluid dynamics （CFD） to optimize the thermal environment in a closed cage-rearing layer house under the mode of vertical ventilation in autumn. The accuracy of the numerical model was verified. The average THVI （temperature-humidity-velocity index） and coefficient of variation （CVTHVI） of the cage-rearing areas were calculated for the parameters of ventilation equipment including the angle of the guide plate at the front mountain wall tunnel inlet（θ1）， the angle of the guide plate at the side wall tunnel inlet（θ2） and ventilation volume of a suction fan at the end（Q） at three different levels by conducting 17 sets of orthogonal simulation experiments. The results showed that the average relative error of temperature， relative humidity， and airflow velocity at the 24 verification points set on the aisle of cage was 0.38%， 0.52%， and 4.62%， respectively， indicating that the accuracy of the numerical model is high. When the parameters of ventilation equipment θ1，θ2 and Q were set to 10°，90° and 42 000 m3/h， the average THVI and coefficient of variation CVTHVI of the airflow field in the cage-rearing areas was 25.65 and 1.64%， 1.61% and 23.93% lower than that of the original scheme of ventilation， beneficial for improving the suitability and balance of the thermal environment in the cage-rearing areas of the layer house.
2025,44(2):62-72
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.007
Abstract:
A dynamic correction system consisted of a deviation detection device， a correction execution device， a control system， etc. for the manure cleaning belt was designed to solve the deviation of the manure cleaning belt during the farming of duck with stacked cage. Firstly， the operation status of the manure cleaning belt was monitored in real-time through 6 pressure sensors arranged on both sides of the belt. When the manure cleaning belt deviated， its side pushed the anti-deviation device in the deviation detection device， causing the values of the 3 pressure sensors on the deviated side to change. The direction and offset amount of the cleaning belt was indirectly inferred through the changes. When the STM32 microcontroller determined the deviation of the manure cleaning belt based on the data collected from sensors， it automatically controlled the movement of the stepper motors on both sides， thereby adjusting the forward and backward movement of the drum along the sliding rail to achieve correction. At the same time， the Fuzzy PID control algorithm was introduced to achieve closed-loop control through feedback from displacement sensors to improve the stability and control accuracy of the control system. The results showed that the overall success rate of correction was 85%， with an average deviation of 17 mm and an average relative deviation of 16%. It is indicated that the dynamic correction system designed for the manure cleaning belt basically meets the requirements of the stacked cage-farming duck for automatic correction of the manure cleaning belt， greatly reducing the labor intensity of the farming personnel.
A dynamic correction system consisted of a deviation detection device， a correction execution device， a control system， etc. for the manure cleaning belt was designed to solve the deviation of the manure cleaning belt during the farming of duck with stacked cage. Firstly， the operation status of the manure cleaning belt was monitored in real-time through 6 pressure sensors arranged on both sides of the belt. When the manure cleaning belt deviated， its side pushed the anti-deviation device in the deviation detection device， causing the values of the 3 pressure sensors on the deviated side to change. The direction and offset amount of the cleaning belt was indirectly inferred through the changes. When the STM32 microcontroller determined the deviation of the manure cleaning belt based on the data collected from sensors， it automatically controlled the movement of the stepper motors on both sides， thereby adjusting the forward and backward movement of the drum along the sliding rail to achieve correction. At the same time， the Fuzzy PID control algorithm was introduced to achieve closed-loop control through feedback from displacement sensors to improve the stability and control accuracy of the control system. The results showed that the overall success rate of correction was 85%， with an average deviation of 17 mm and an average relative deviation of 16%. It is indicated that the dynamic correction system designed for the manure cleaning belt basically meets the requirements of the stacked cage-farming duck for automatic correction of the manure cleaning belt， greatly reducing the labor intensity of the farming personnel.
2025,44(2):73-82
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.008
Abstract:
The dataset of fish surface pathology was constructed based on four types of fish diseases with high rate of incidence and great harm to fish to improve the accuracy and efficiency of identifying fish surface pathology and solve the problems of heavy reliance on manual labor and low accuracy of identification in the process of identification at present. An improved and optimized DBA_Resnet-18 model with high accuracy of identification based on the Resnet-18 model was constructed by integrating spatial attention and SE channel attention dual attention mechanism. A real-time intelligent visualization system for identifying fish diseases was developed based on this model as well. The improved model incorporates SE channel attention module in the middle of the network and introduces spatial attention mechanism at the end of the network. The results of testing showed that the accuracy of the DBA_Resnet-18 model in classifying fish surface pathology reached 96.75%， which was 1.71， 2.12， 2.37， 2.83， 2.51， 2.23， 2.50， and 3.53 percent points higher than that of the commonly used models including Resnet-18， Resnet-34， Resnet-50， Resnet-101， Swin Transformer， VGG-16， VGG-19， and AlexNet， respectively. It is indicated that the proposed model and the developed intelligent visualization system for identifying fish diseases can quickly and accurately classify and identify different fish surface pathologies， realizing the intelligence of the system for identifying fish diseases， which can be used to diagnose the types of fish surface pathology in practical environments.
The dataset of fish surface pathology was constructed based on four types of fish diseases with high rate of incidence and great harm to fish to improve the accuracy and efficiency of identifying fish surface pathology and solve the problems of heavy reliance on manual labor and low accuracy of identification in the process of identification at present. An improved and optimized DBA_Resnet-18 model with high accuracy of identification based on the Resnet-18 model was constructed by integrating spatial attention and SE channel attention dual attention mechanism. A real-time intelligent visualization system for identifying fish diseases was developed based on this model as well. The improved model incorporates SE channel attention module in the middle of the network and introduces spatial attention mechanism at the end of the network. The results of testing showed that the accuracy of the DBA_Resnet-18 model in classifying fish surface pathology reached 96.75%， which was 1.71， 2.12， 2.37， 2.83， 2.51， 2.23， 2.50， and 3.53 percent points higher than that of the commonly used models including Resnet-18， Resnet-34， Resnet-50， Resnet-101， Swin Transformer， VGG-16， VGG-19， and AlexNet， respectively. It is indicated that the proposed model and the developed intelligent visualization system for identifying fish diseases can quickly and accurately classify and identify different fish surface pathologies， realizing the intelligence of the system for identifying fish diseases， which can be used to diagnose the types of fish surface pathology in practical environments.
A method of detecting fish diseases with CEH- YOLOv8 based on dual- channel and hierarchical synergism
2025,44(2):83-93
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.009
Abstract:
A method of detecting fish diseases with CEH-YOLOv8 based on dual-channel and hierarchical synergism was developed to solve the problems of the irregular shapes， unclear textures， and scattered disease spots making it difficult to localize the true lesion areas in the detection of fish diseases. A dual-channel feature extraction network was introduced to enhance the ability of model to extract irregular lesion areas with unclear textures. Then， an efficient channel spatial attention （ECSA） mechanism was proposed to improve the capability of model to recognize distributed targets. A hierarchical and balanced feature pyramid network （HBFPN） for was presented to reinforce the improved backbone network and perform hierarchical feature fusion on the information extracted from the backbone network at different levels to enhance the ability of model to express feature. The results showed that the CEH-YOLOv8 network had an accuracy rate of 83.2%， a recall rate of 72.5%， and a mean average precision （mAP） of 76.2% in detecting fish diseases， respectively. Compared with the state-of-the-art （SOAT）YOLOv10 method and the original model， it increased the accuracy rate， recall rate， and mAP by 6.9， 11.6， and 11.9 percent points， and 4.3， 6.9， and 6 percent points， respectively. The inference time for a single frame was 9.1 ms. It is indicated that the improved YOLOv8 network can accurately screen fish with diseases and be used for early detection of fishery diseases to reduce economic losses.
A method of detecting fish diseases with CEH-YOLOv8 based on dual-channel and hierarchical synergism was developed to solve the problems of the irregular shapes， unclear textures， and scattered disease spots making it difficult to localize the true lesion areas in the detection of fish diseases. A dual-channel feature extraction network was introduced to enhance the ability of model to extract irregular lesion areas with unclear textures. Then， an efficient channel spatial attention （ECSA） mechanism was proposed to improve the capability of model to recognize distributed targets. A hierarchical and balanced feature pyramid network （HBFPN） for was presented to reinforce the improved backbone network and perform hierarchical feature fusion on the information extracted from the backbone network at different levels to enhance the ability of model to express feature. The results showed that the CEH-YOLOv8 network had an accuracy rate of 83.2%， a recall rate of 72.5%， and a mean average precision （mAP） of 76.2% in detecting fish diseases， respectively. Compared with the state-of-the-art （SOAT）YOLOv10 method and the original model， it increased the accuracy rate， recall rate， and mAP by 6.9， 11.6， and 11.9 percent points， and 4.3， 6.9， and 6 percent points， respectively. The inference time for a single frame was 9.1 ms. It is indicated that the improved YOLOv8 network can accurately screen fish with diseases and be used for early detection of fishery diseases to reduce economic losses.
2025,44(2):94-104
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.010
Abstract:
A chute mass flowmeter of granular materials was designed based on capacitance method and according to the difference in dielectric properties between granular materials and air to achieve online automatic measurement of the mass flow rate of granular materials in the chute.The device was equipped with an STM32 microcontroller， a capacitance-to-digital Converter chip AD7746， and a plate conversion circuit with MT8816 as the core chip to build a data acquisition system， achieving effective acquisition of capacitance of eight-plate rotary excitation sensors.A test bench of mass flowmeter was built.Maize， wheat and granular compound feed were used to calibrate the relationship between the mass flow rate and the value of cumulative capacitance.The models of predicting the mass flow of three kinds of granular materials were constructed， with determination coefficient R2 of 0.990 4， 0.993 9， and 0.987 9， respectively.The results of verifying the accuracy of chute mass flowmeter showed that the average relative error （MRE） of measurement accuracy for maize， wheat and granular compound feed was 3.11%， 3.76%， and 3.75%， when the inclination angle of the chute was 15°， 25°， 35°， 45°， and 55°， the mass of maize and wheat mass was 30， 50 and 70 kg，the mass of granular compound feed was 30， 50， and 65 kg， respectively.It is indicated that it is feasible to use the capacitance method in the online measurement of mass flow rate in the process of transporting granular materials through a chute， which can achieve the automatic online measurement of the mass flow rate of granular materials.
A chute mass flowmeter of granular materials was designed based on capacitance method and according to the difference in dielectric properties between granular materials and air to achieve online automatic measurement of the mass flow rate of granular materials in the chute.The device was equipped with an STM32 microcontroller， a capacitance-to-digital Converter chip AD7746， and a plate conversion circuit with MT8816 as the core chip to build a data acquisition system， achieving effective acquisition of capacitance of eight-plate rotary excitation sensors.A test bench of mass flowmeter was built.Maize， wheat and granular compound feed were used to calibrate the relationship between the mass flow rate and the value of cumulative capacitance.The models of predicting the mass flow of three kinds of granular materials were constructed， with determination coefficient R2 of 0.990 4， 0.993 9， and 0.987 9， respectively.The results of verifying the accuracy of chute mass flowmeter showed that the average relative error （MRE） of measurement accuracy for maize， wheat and granular compound feed was 3.11%， 3.76%， and 3.75%， when the inclination angle of the chute was 15°， 25°， 35°， 45°， and 55°， the mass of maize and wheat mass was 30， 50 and 70 kg，the mass of granular compound feed was 30， 50， and 65 kg， respectively.It is indicated that it is feasible to use the capacitance method in the online measurement of mass flow rate in the process of transporting granular materials through a chute， which can achieve the automatic online measurement of the mass flow rate of granular materials.
2025,44(2):105-115
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.011
Abstract:
A lightweight model of ShuffleNetV2-EH with higher accuracy of identification， lower complexity of computation， and suitable for identifying the types of feed raw material based on the lightweight convolutional neural network model ShuffleNetV2 to achieve rapid identification of warehousing feed raw materials and solve the difficulties in manually identifying the types of feed raw materials with similar crushing degree， color， and shape in currently processing and producing the combined feed raw materials. Firstly， the efficient channel attention（ECA） mechanism was introduced into the structure of ShuffleNetV2 network model， which adaptively adjusts channel weights based on input to enhance the ability of network model to percept important features in images of feed raw materials. Secondly， ReLU was replaced with HardSwish activation function to improve the recognition accuracy of the model without adding additional weights and parameters of bias. Finally， the structure of ShuffleNetV2 network model was adjusted to reduce the number of parameters and the complexity of computation in the model on the basis of ensuring the recognition accuracy of model. The results showed that the recognition accuracy of ShuffleNetV2-EH model on image sets from 8 types of feed raw materials was 99.13%， 1.38% higher than that of the original ShuffleNetV2 model. Its accuracy， recall， and F1 score increased by 1.45%， 1.63%， and 1.62 %， respectively. The number of model parameters and floating-point operations decreased by 352 092 and 45.27×106， compared to that of the original model. The overall performance was superior to classical convolutional neural network models including AlexNet， VggNet16， GoogLeNet， and ResNet18. It is indicated that the improved ShuffleNetV2 model well balances the complexity of computation and the recognition accuracy of the model， providing an algorithm foundation for online identification of feed raw materials in the warehousing process.
A lightweight model of ShuffleNetV2-EH with higher accuracy of identification， lower complexity of computation， and suitable for identifying the types of feed raw material based on the lightweight convolutional neural network model ShuffleNetV2 to achieve rapid identification of warehousing feed raw materials and solve the difficulties in manually identifying the types of feed raw materials with similar crushing degree， color， and shape in currently processing and producing the combined feed raw materials. Firstly， the efficient channel attention（ECA） mechanism was introduced into the structure of ShuffleNetV2 network model， which adaptively adjusts channel weights based on input to enhance the ability of network model to percept important features in images of feed raw materials. Secondly， ReLU was replaced with HardSwish activation function to improve the recognition accuracy of the model without adding additional weights and parameters of bias. Finally， the structure of ShuffleNetV2 network model was adjusted to reduce the number of parameters and the complexity of computation in the model on the basis of ensuring the recognition accuracy of model. The results showed that the recognition accuracy of ShuffleNetV2-EH model on image sets from 8 types of feed raw materials was 99.13%， 1.38% higher than that of the original ShuffleNetV2 model. Its accuracy， recall， and F1 score increased by 1.45%， 1.63%， and 1.62 %， respectively. The number of model parameters and floating-point operations decreased by 352 092 and 45.27×106， compared to that of the original model. The overall performance was superior to classical convolutional neural network models including AlexNet， VggNet16， GoogLeNet， and ResNet18. It is indicated that the improved ShuffleNetV2 model well balances the complexity of computation and the recognition accuracy of the model， providing an algorithm foundation for online identification of feed raw materials in the warehousing process.
2025,44(2):116-124
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.012
Abstract:
A predictive model for detecting the addition of milk to yak milk was established by combining mid-infrared spectroscopy （MIRS） with machine learning algorithms to supervise and regulate the production and sale of yak milk， further quantitatively predict the proportion of adulteration in yak milk and provide new technology of rapid detection. 76 samples of pure yak milk， 76 samples of yak milk adulterated with 10% milk， 76 samples of yak milk adulterated with 25% milk， and 76 samples of yak milk adulterated with 50% milk were used to establish binary qualitative models for distinguishing pure yak milk from yak milk adulterated with milk， and quantitative regression models for predicting the proportion of yak milk adulterated with milk with five spectral preprocessing algorithms， six qualitative and twelve quantitative machine learning algorithms. The results showed that the predictive model for identifying pure yak milk and yak milk adulterated with milk based on support vector machine modeling algorithm and the spectrum without preprocessing had the best performance. The validation set AUC， the accuracy， the sensitivity， and the specificity of the model was 0.95， 0.84， 0.93， and 0.87， which can be used for the identification of pure milk and adulterated milk. The optimal quantitative model for predicting the proportion of milk in yak milk was established using Bayesian regularized neural network modeling algorithm and first-order derivative spectral preprocessing algorithm. The model had RP2=0.88， RMSEV=6.57%， and RPD=2.89%. It is indicated that the combination of mid-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms can effectively identify yak milk adulterated with milk and detect the proportion of adulteration.
A predictive model for detecting the addition of milk to yak milk was established by combining mid-infrared spectroscopy （MIRS） with machine learning algorithms to supervise and regulate the production and sale of yak milk， further quantitatively predict the proportion of adulteration in yak milk and provide new technology of rapid detection. 76 samples of pure yak milk， 76 samples of yak milk adulterated with 10% milk， 76 samples of yak milk adulterated with 25% milk， and 76 samples of yak milk adulterated with 50% milk were used to establish binary qualitative models for distinguishing pure yak milk from yak milk adulterated with milk， and quantitative regression models for predicting the proportion of yak milk adulterated with milk with five spectral preprocessing algorithms， six qualitative and twelve quantitative machine learning algorithms. The results showed that the predictive model for identifying pure yak milk and yak milk adulterated with milk based on support vector machine modeling algorithm and the spectrum without preprocessing had the best performance. The validation set AUC， the accuracy， the sensitivity， and the specificity of the model was 0.95， 0.84， 0.93， and 0.87， which can be used for the identification of pure milk and adulterated milk. The optimal quantitative model for predicting the proportion of milk in yak milk was established using Bayesian regularized neural network modeling algorithm and first-order derivative spectral preprocessing algorithm. The model had RP2=0.88， RMSEV=6.57%， and RPD=2.89%. It is indicated that the combination of mid-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms can effectively identify yak milk adulterated with milk and detect the proportion of adulteration.
ZOU Huiying, WANG Dongwei, FAN Yikai, LIU Weihua, YANG Junhua, YU Wenli, SABEK Ahmed Abdalla Ahmed Ibrahim, ZHANG Shujun
2025,44(2):125-133
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.013
Abstract:
501 milk samples of healthy Chinese Holstein cows were collected from major milk-producing regions in Northwest，North，and Central China to establish a method that can rapidly，in batch，and efficiently detect the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk from Chinese Holstein cows，high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to determine the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk samples，and the mid-infrared spectroscopy （MIRS） data of milk samples were synchronously measured and collected 12 methods of spectra pretreatment were randomly combined twice in a row，and the characteristic bands were manually selected with MIRS as the predictor variable and the content of β-lactoglobulin as the dependent variable.Partial least squares regression （PLSR） was used as a traditional machine learning algorithm to establish an optimal model for the prediction of the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk.The results showed that the RC2 and RP2 of the cross validation set and test set in the established model was 0.812 9 and 0.768 8，with the root mean square errors，RMSEC and RMSEP of 0.476 2 g/L and 0.524 9 g/L，the RPD of 2.076 6，meeting the requirements for measuring the production performance of livestock and poultry.It is indicated that MIRS can be used to establish a model for predicting the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk from Chinese Holstein cows.
501 milk samples of healthy Chinese Holstein cows were collected from major milk-producing regions in Northwest，North，and Central China to establish a method that can rapidly，in batch，and efficiently detect the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk from Chinese Holstein cows，high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to determine the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk samples，and the mid-infrared spectroscopy （MIRS） data of milk samples were synchronously measured and collected 12 methods of spectra pretreatment were randomly combined twice in a row，and the characteristic bands were manually selected with MIRS as the predictor variable and the content of β-lactoglobulin as the dependent variable.Partial least squares regression （PLSR） was used as a traditional machine learning algorithm to establish an optimal model for the prediction of the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk.The results showed that the RC2 and RP2 of the cross validation set and test set in the established model was 0.812 9 and 0.768 8，with the root mean square errors，RMSEC and RMSEP of 0.476 2 g/L and 0.524 9 g/L，the RPD of 2.076 6，meeting the requirements for measuring the production performance of livestock and poultry.It is indicated that MIRS can be used to establish a model for predicting the content of β-lactoglobulin in milk from Chinese Holstein cows.
2025,44(2):134-144
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.014
Abstract:
A model for instance segmentation based on improved Mask-Scoring R-CNN was proposed and the efficient segmentation of myofibroblast cells was realized to solve the problems of manual and semi-automatic segmentation with accuracy and efficiency and the inadequate performance of general models for segmentation in encountering various interferences of noisy images.The Convolutional Block Attention Module （CBAM） attention mechanism was introduced into the Mask-Scoring R-CNN model to improve the model.The extraction and expression of feature information by the improved model was enhanced to improve the performance of segmentation and the generalization capability of the model in tasks of segmentation.The results of testing the improved Mask-Scoring R-CNN model on a dataset of 103 test images showed that the root mean square error （RMSE） of phenotype measurement value was smaller than that of the original model，with the RMSE of the total number of myofibers decreased from 2.08 to 1.26，the RMSE of area reduced from 212.21 μm2 to 181.36 μm2，and the RMSE of average diameter decreased from 2.87 μm to 1.47 μm.It is indicated that the improved model can effectively deal with noisy images of myofiber and accurately segment each myofiber even in common noisy environments.
A model for instance segmentation based on improved Mask-Scoring R-CNN was proposed and the efficient segmentation of myofibroblast cells was realized to solve the problems of manual and semi-automatic segmentation with accuracy and efficiency and the inadequate performance of general models for segmentation in encountering various interferences of noisy images.The Convolutional Block Attention Module （CBAM） attention mechanism was introduced into the Mask-Scoring R-CNN model to improve the model.The extraction and expression of feature information by the improved model was enhanced to improve the performance of segmentation and the generalization capability of the model in tasks of segmentation.The results of testing the improved Mask-Scoring R-CNN model on a dataset of 103 test images showed that the root mean square error （RMSE） of phenotype measurement value was smaller than that of the original model，with the RMSE of the total number of myofibers decreased from 2.08 to 1.26，the RMSE of area reduced from 212.21 μm2 to 181.36 μm2，and the RMSE of average diameter decreased from 2.87 μm to 1.47 μm.It is indicated that the improved model can effectively deal with noisy images of myofiber and accurately segment each myofiber even in common noisy environments.
2025,44(2):145-157
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.015
Abstract:
Weak gluten wheat is suitable for making biscuits， pastries and other foods. With the continuous growth of consuming biscuits and other foods in China， the demand of weak gluten wheat is gradually increasing. In recent years， the import volume of weak gluten wheat in China has remained high， and it is imperative to improve the yield and quality of weak gluten wheat in China. The current status of weak gluten wheat and the industrial problems in China including insufficient varieties with high-quality， incomplete system of evaluation， poor quality of weak gluten， need for optimizing cultivation techniques， insufficient adaptability of supporting cultivation techniques， and the dependence of importation were analyzed based on the distribution of dominant production areas for weak gluten wheat in China and the achievements of regional scientific research units to enhance the competitiveness of weak gluten wheat and promote the sustainable development of the weak gluten wheat industry in China. We need to optimize the evaluation system， strengthen basic research， breed excellent varieties， and promote innovation and application of cultivation techniques to address these challenges. Therefore， it is proposed to strengthen the basic researches about weak gluten wheat industry， optimize the breeding process of varieties， innovate cultivation techniques， and accelerate the pace of industrial application.
Weak gluten wheat is suitable for making biscuits， pastries and other foods. With the continuous growth of consuming biscuits and other foods in China， the demand of weak gluten wheat is gradually increasing. In recent years， the import volume of weak gluten wheat in China has remained high， and it is imperative to improve the yield and quality of weak gluten wheat in China. The current status of weak gluten wheat and the industrial problems in China including insufficient varieties with high-quality， incomplete system of evaluation， poor quality of weak gluten， need for optimizing cultivation techniques， insufficient adaptability of supporting cultivation techniques， and the dependence of importation were analyzed based on the distribution of dominant production areas for weak gluten wheat in China and the achievements of regional scientific research units to enhance the competitiveness of weak gluten wheat and promote the sustainable development of the weak gluten wheat industry in China. We need to optimize the evaluation system， strengthen basic research， breed excellent varieties， and promote innovation and application of cultivation techniques to address these challenges. Therefore， it is proposed to strengthen the basic researches about weak gluten wheat industry， optimize the breeding process of varieties， innovate cultivation techniques， and accelerate the pace of industrial application.
2025,44(2):158-169
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.016
Abstract:
The ZmDIR11 gene， a member of the DIR gene family， was cloned from maize and its sequence of gene and structures of protein were predicted to mine key genes involved in regulating the resistance to salt stress in maize. The patterns of gene expression were analyzed to further investigate the regulatory mode of ZmDIR11 in salt stress tolerance in maize B73-EMS mutants. The results showed that ZmDIR11 encoded a peptide containing the Dirigent domain， and its promoter region contained structural elements including ARE， MYB， MYC， STRE， LTR， and MBS， all associated with the regulation of abiotic stress. ZmDIR11 was predominantly expressed in maize roots and upregulated under salt stress， with subcellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum. It was found that the growth and material accumulation of mutant maize plants after salt stress treatment were significantly lower than those of wild-type B73， and the regulation pathway of oxidative metabolism， the accumulation of proline， the synthesis of chlorophyll， the accumulation of lignin， and the transport pathway of Na+/K+ were inhibited. Relevant metabolic indexes of mutant maize plants were significantly lower than those of wild-type B73. It is indicated that ZmDIR11 positively regulates the metabolic pathway of salt tolerance in maize， and its mutation reduces the salt tolerance in maize.
The ZmDIR11 gene， a member of the DIR gene family， was cloned from maize and its sequence of gene and structures of protein were predicted to mine key genes involved in regulating the resistance to salt stress in maize. The patterns of gene expression were analyzed to further investigate the regulatory mode of ZmDIR11 in salt stress tolerance in maize B73-EMS mutants. The results showed that ZmDIR11 encoded a peptide containing the Dirigent domain， and its promoter region contained structural elements including ARE， MYB， MYC， STRE， LTR， and MBS， all associated with the regulation of abiotic stress. ZmDIR11 was predominantly expressed in maize roots and upregulated under salt stress， with subcellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum. It was found that the growth and material accumulation of mutant maize plants after salt stress treatment were significantly lower than those of wild-type B73， and the regulation pathway of oxidative metabolism， the accumulation of proline， the synthesis of chlorophyll， the accumulation of lignin， and the transport pathway of Na+/K+ were inhibited. Relevant metabolic indexes of mutant maize plants were significantly lower than those of wild-type B73. It is indicated that ZmDIR11 positively regulates the metabolic pathway of salt tolerance in maize， and its mutation reduces the salt tolerance in maize.
SUN Jingguo, CHANG Yifei, ZHENG Xiaomei, QIAO Baoming, FAN Youlun, TIAN Huiwen, CHEN Tao, CHAI Liguang, ZHAI Lindun, SUN Xuecheng
2025,44(2):170-176
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.017
Abstract:
Cigar-filler variety Chuxue 14 （CX-14） was used to conduct a field experimen to study the effects of sulfur fertilizer dosages including 0， 60， 120 and 180 kg/hm2 on the agronomic traits， yield， quality and combustion performance of cigar tobacco.The results showed that the plant height， maximum leaf width， leaf length， effective leaf number， and SPAD value of cigar tobacco during the period of growth， the yield and the rate of superior tobacco under applying sulfur fertilizer was increased compared with no sulfur application， thus the output value of cigar tobacco was increased as well.Among them， the yield and output value were highest under 120 kg/hm2 sulfur application， and the rate of superior tobacco was highest under 60 kg/hm2 sulfur application.The application of sulfur fertilizer tended to increase the content of total sugar， reducing sugar， and crude protein， the proportion of reducing sugar in cigar tobacco leaves， which in turn helped to improve the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves.Compared with no sulfur application， the 60 kg/hm2 sulfur application increased the activation energy during tobacco combustion， lowered the initial temperature of tobacco combustion， and reduced the content of ash.The maximum heat flux temperature and total heat release increased by 10.9% and 6.3%， respectively， and the frequency factor during combustion decreased by 43.7%， thereby improving the combustion performance of tobacco leaves.It is indicated that the appropriate sulfur fertilizer dosage for cigar tobacco leaves was 60 kg/hm2 under the conditions of this experiment.Excessive application of sulfur fertilizer including 120 kg/hm2 and 180 kg/hm2 can increase the yield and economic benefits of cigar tobacco leaves， but it is not conducive to improving the combustion performance of tobacco leaves.Therefore， it is possible to consider reducing the application of potassium sulfate fertilizer appropriately in the process of planting cigar and replacing it with potassium carbonate and other potassium fertilizers to reduce the negative effects of excessive sulfur fertilizer on the combustion performance of tobacco and soil acidification.
Cigar-filler variety Chuxue 14 （CX-14） was used to conduct a field experimen to study the effects of sulfur fertilizer dosages including 0， 60， 120 and 180 kg/hm2 on the agronomic traits， yield， quality and combustion performance of cigar tobacco.The results showed that the plant height， maximum leaf width， leaf length， effective leaf number， and SPAD value of cigar tobacco during the period of growth， the yield and the rate of superior tobacco under applying sulfur fertilizer was increased compared with no sulfur application， thus the output value of cigar tobacco was increased as well.Among them， the yield and output value were highest under 120 kg/hm2 sulfur application， and the rate of superior tobacco was highest under 60 kg/hm2 sulfur application.The application of sulfur fertilizer tended to increase the content of total sugar， reducing sugar， and crude protein， the proportion of reducing sugar in cigar tobacco leaves， which in turn helped to improve the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves.Compared with no sulfur application， the 60 kg/hm2 sulfur application increased the activation energy during tobacco combustion， lowered the initial temperature of tobacco combustion， and reduced the content of ash.The maximum heat flux temperature and total heat release increased by 10.9% and 6.3%， respectively， and the frequency factor during combustion decreased by 43.7%， thereby improving the combustion performance of tobacco leaves.It is indicated that the appropriate sulfur fertilizer dosage for cigar tobacco leaves was 60 kg/hm2 under the conditions of this experiment.Excessive application of sulfur fertilizer including 120 kg/hm2 and 180 kg/hm2 can increase the yield and economic benefits of cigar tobacco leaves， but it is not conducive to improving the combustion performance of tobacco leaves.Therefore， it is possible to consider reducing the application of potassium sulfate fertilizer appropriately in the process of planting cigar and replacing it with potassium carbonate and other potassium fertilizers to reduce the negative effects of excessive sulfur fertilizer on the combustion performance of tobacco and soil acidification.
2025,44(2):177-189
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.018
Abstract:
The large-scale interlayer soil in heavy saline-alkali land formed by concentrated and continuous sections after the water-saving construction with large-scale and high efficiency in the Weigan River irrigation area was used to solve the practical problems of large quantity of engineering and high cost of production in the existing improvement measures for heavy saline-alkali land.The changes of water and salt in soil under winter irrigation conditions with different improvement measures were studied through field plot experiment.The results showed that the deep-turning treatment had the highest desalination rate of 75.9% among all the treatments， followed by ditching， drilling and sand filling， and drilling and sand filling treatment， accounting for 51.5% and 39.4%， respectively.The desalination rate of ditching and drilling was relatively close， accounting for 38.2% and 37.4% respectively.The lowest desalination rate of ditching was 33.9%.The content of salt under each measure in the 0-20 cm soil layer after two and three times of winter irrigation decreased from 7.06-11.61 g/kg before winter irrigation in 2020 to 2.00-5.91 g/kg after winter irrigation in 2022， with a desalination rate ranged from 76.8% to 382.5%.It is indicated that the surface soil has been improved from the initial medium-heavy saline-alkali soil to light-medium saline-alkali soil， reflecting the retarding effect of clay interlayers on the transport of water and salt.Drilling and sand filling can be used as a simple and practical measure to improve the effect of salt leaching and suppress the return of salt in saline-alkali land.It will provide basic data and technical reference for the rational selection of improvement measures for interlayer soil in the heavy saline-alkali land.
The large-scale interlayer soil in heavy saline-alkali land formed by concentrated and continuous sections after the water-saving construction with large-scale and high efficiency in the Weigan River irrigation area was used to solve the practical problems of large quantity of engineering and high cost of production in the existing improvement measures for heavy saline-alkali land.The changes of water and salt in soil under winter irrigation conditions with different improvement measures were studied through field plot experiment.The results showed that the deep-turning treatment had the highest desalination rate of 75.9% among all the treatments， followed by ditching， drilling and sand filling， and drilling and sand filling treatment， accounting for 51.5% and 39.4%， respectively.The desalination rate of ditching and drilling was relatively close， accounting for 38.2% and 37.4% respectively.The lowest desalination rate of ditching was 33.9%.The content of salt under each measure in the 0-20 cm soil layer after two and three times of winter irrigation decreased from 7.06-11.61 g/kg before winter irrigation in 2020 to 2.00-5.91 g/kg after winter irrigation in 2022， with a desalination rate ranged from 76.8% to 382.5%.It is indicated that the surface soil has been improved from the initial medium-heavy saline-alkali soil to light-medium saline-alkali soil， reflecting the retarding effect of clay interlayers on the transport of water and salt.Drilling and sand filling can be used as a simple and practical measure to improve the effect of salt leaching and suppress the return of salt in saline-alkali land.It will provide basic data and technical reference for the rational selection of improvement measures for interlayer soil in the heavy saline-alkali land.
2025,44(2):190-199
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.019
Abstract:
The resistance to sesame leaf spot disease of 20 main rice varieties and 5 control varieties in Sichuan Province was evaluated with potted plant disease resistance identification method to study the resistance to sesame leaf spot disease and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance in the main rice varieties in Sichuan Province. The activity of 5 defense enzymes was determined in the leaves of different resistant varieties. The secondary metabolites in the leaves of rice seedlings in resistant and susceptible varieties were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. The results showed that Yuxiangnuo 1 and Zhejingyou 4 were highly resistant varieties，while 5 varieties including Xiushui 134，Zhehe 622，Zhehexiang No.2，Zhejingyou 77 and Zhejingyou 1578 had moderate resistance，and the rest were susceptible varieties. The activity of 5 enzymes including superoxide dismutase （SOD），polyphenol oxidase （PPO），phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL），peroxidase （POD），and catalase （CAT） increased first and then decreased in both resistant and susceptible rice varieties，but the activity of enzyme in resistant varieties was significantly higher than that in susceptible varieties. A total of 18 secondary metabolites were obtained，among which 4 metabolites including ribosyl alcohol，D-glucose，malic acid，and 2，3，4-trihydroxybutyric acid had significant differences in content between resistant and susceptible rice varieties，and between inoculated and non-inoculated treatment of the same variety. It is indicated that rice resistant varieties can resist the invasion of sesame leaf spot disease by increasing the activity of 5 defense enzymes and the content of four secondary metabolites.
The resistance to sesame leaf spot disease of 20 main rice varieties and 5 control varieties in Sichuan Province was evaluated with potted plant disease resistance identification method to study the resistance to sesame leaf spot disease and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance in the main rice varieties in Sichuan Province. The activity of 5 defense enzymes was determined in the leaves of different resistant varieties. The secondary metabolites in the leaves of rice seedlings in resistant and susceptible varieties were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. The results showed that Yuxiangnuo 1 and Zhejingyou 4 were highly resistant varieties，while 5 varieties including Xiushui 134，Zhehe 622，Zhehexiang No.2，Zhejingyou 77 and Zhejingyou 1578 had moderate resistance，and the rest were susceptible varieties. The activity of 5 enzymes including superoxide dismutase （SOD），polyphenol oxidase （PPO），phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL），peroxidase （POD），and catalase （CAT） increased first and then decreased in both resistant and susceptible rice varieties，but the activity of enzyme in resistant varieties was significantly higher than that in susceptible varieties. A total of 18 secondary metabolites were obtained，among which 4 metabolites including ribosyl alcohol，D-glucose，malic acid，and 2，3，4-trihydroxybutyric acid had significant differences in content between resistant and susceptible rice varieties，and between inoculated and non-inoculated treatment of the same variety. It is indicated that rice resistant varieties can resist the invasion of sesame leaf spot disease by increasing the activity of 5 defense enzymes and the content of four secondary metabolites.
2025,44(2):200-211
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.020
Abstract:
Paenibacillus polymyxa NBmelon-1 is an efficient biocontrol bacterium isolated from the roots of sweet melons. The third-generation of PacBio sequencing technique was used to sequence the whole genome of strain NBmelon-1 to study the biocontrol mechanisms of P. polymyxa NBmelon-1. The potential functional genes were analyzed and clusters of genes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites were predicted. The expression of genes related with antibacterial effect and promoting the growth of plants was detected. The antagonism test of crude extracts was used to identify the main components of antibacterial substances and validate the potential of the bacteria to promote the growth of plants， further clarifying its biocontrol mechanism. The results showed that the genome of P. polymyxa NBmelon-1 was 5.7 Mb， with a GC content of 45.68% and 4 984 coding genes. There were a large number of genes involved in inducing plant disease resistance， hydrolytic enzymes， and promoting plant the growth of plants in the genome. A total of five clusters of genes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites of lipopeptides were predicted. The crude extracts isolated from NBmelon-1 culture with acid precipitation method had significant antibacterial activity against a variety of pathogenic fungi from melon， indicating the presence of antibacterial substances. The results of growth potential test showed that the strain was capable of synthesizing growth hormone IAA， producing iron carriers， and providing nitrogen elements for plants. It is indicated that P. polymyxa NBmelon-1 is a multifunctional biocontrol bacterium with broad prospects for development and application in agricultural production.
Paenibacillus polymyxa NBmelon-1 is an efficient biocontrol bacterium isolated from the roots of sweet melons. The third-generation of PacBio sequencing technique was used to sequence the whole genome of strain NBmelon-1 to study the biocontrol mechanisms of P. polymyxa NBmelon-1. The potential functional genes were analyzed and clusters of genes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites were predicted. The expression of genes related with antibacterial effect and promoting the growth of plants was detected. The antagonism test of crude extracts was used to identify the main components of antibacterial substances and validate the potential of the bacteria to promote the growth of plants， further clarifying its biocontrol mechanism. The results showed that the genome of P. polymyxa NBmelon-1 was 5.7 Mb， with a GC content of 45.68% and 4 984 coding genes. There were a large number of genes involved in inducing plant disease resistance， hydrolytic enzymes， and promoting plant the growth of plants in the genome. A total of five clusters of genes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites of lipopeptides were predicted. The crude extracts isolated from NBmelon-1 culture with acid precipitation method had significant antibacterial activity against a variety of pathogenic fungi from melon， indicating the presence of antibacterial substances. The results of growth potential test showed that the strain was capable of synthesizing growth hormone IAA， producing iron carriers， and providing nitrogen elements for plants. It is indicated that P. polymyxa NBmelon-1 is a multifunctional biocontrol bacterium with broad prospects for development and application in agricultural production.
2025,44(2):212-220
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.021
Abstract:
Pinellia ternata diseases pose a significant obstacle to the industrial development of P. ternata.To screen for superior strains of beneficial microorganisms that promote growth and enhance resistance to P. ternata diseases，strains were isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of P. ternata.Nine strains exhibiting antagonistic effects against various pathogens of P. ternata，including Fusarium oxysporum，Aspergillus，Fusarium，Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium solani，were successfully isolated.These strains were identified，and their antimicrobial activities were assessed.Subsequently，the strains were formulated into microbial fertilizers，and their effects on promoting growth promotion and controlling disease in P. ternata were evaluated.The results showed that strain 21-2 exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity，and identification confirmed that the strain was Paenibacillus polymyxa.Strain 21-2 demonstrated notable inhibitory effects against five common pathogens of P. ternata and significantly promoted the germination of P. ternata seeds.The bacterial suspension of strain 21-2 exhibited a disease control efficacy of 45.83% against diseases affecting P. ternata and significantly enhanced the plant’s height，fresh weight，bulb weight，and chlorophyll content .The bio-organic fertilizer，which consists of P. polymyxa 21-2，straw-derived biochar，and organic fertilizer from chicken manure，exhibited a disease control efficacy of 61.90% against diseases affecting P. ternata.The results indicated that the P. polymyxa strain 21-2 could be effectively utilized for controlling diseases in P. ternata，promoting its growth，and demonstrating significant potential for further development and application.
Pinellia ternata diseases pose a significant obstacle to the industrial development of P. ternata.To screen for superior strains of beneficial microorganisms that promote growth and enhance resistance to P. ternata diseases，strains were isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of P. ternata.Nine strains exhibiting antagonistic effects against various pathogens of P. ternata，including Fusarium oxysporum，Aspergillus，Fusarium，Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium solani，were successfully isolated.These strains were identified，and their antimicrobial activities were assessed.Subsequently，the strains were formulated into microbial fertilizers，and their effects on promoting growth promotion and controlling disease in P. ternata were evaluated.The results showed that strain 21-2 exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity，and identification confirmed that the strain was Paenibacillus polymyxa.Strain 21-2 demonstrated notable inhibitory effects against five common pathogens of P. ternata and significantly promoted the germination of P. ternata seeds.The bacterial suspension of strain 21-2 exhibited a disease control efficacy of 45.83% against diseases affecting P. ternata and significantly enhanced the plant’s height，fresh weight，bulb weight，and chlorophyll content .The bio-organic fertilizer，which consists of P. polymyxa 21-2，straw-derived biochar，and organic fertilizer from chicken manure，exhibited a disease control efficacy of 61.90% against diseases affecting P. ternata.The results indicated that the P. polymyxa strain 21-2 could be effectively utilized for controlling diseases in P. ternata，promoting its growth，and demonstrating significant potential for further development and application.
ZHANG Jianing, LONG Fuhan, YANG Zhonghua, LI Yarong, XIE Heping, LIN Yang, ZHENG Wenyan, YU Xiao, FU Yanping
2025,44(2):221-227
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.022
Abstract:
A method for simultaneously detecting the concentrations of Prochloraz and Imazalil at relatively high concentrations was established with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） to scientifically standardize the use of Prochloraz and Imazalil in the preservation of citrus fruits.The results showed that the linear relationship between Prochloraz and Imazalil was good within the range of 5-300 μg/mL， indicating that this method has high sensitivity and accuracy.Prochloraz was stable at room temperature and Imazalil had a high rate of degradation in the post-harvest sorting line of Satsuma mandarins.The concentration of Prochloraz and Imazalil after 6 hours of processing 15 tons of Satsuma mandarins decreased by 98.6 μg/mL and 290.3 μg/mL， respectively.It is indicated that this method can be applied to detect the concentration of Prochloraz and Imazalil during the post-harvest processing of citrus fruits， which is beneficial for improving the efficiency of using fungicide and reducing costs of production.
A method for simultaneously detecting the concentrations of Prochloraz and Imazalil at relatively high concentrations was established with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） to scientifically standardize the use of Prochloraz and Imazalil in the preservation of citrus fruits.The results showed that the linear relationship between Prochloraz and Imazalil was good within the range of 5-300 μg/mL， indicating that this method has high sensitivity and accuracy.Prochloraz was stable at room temperature and Imazalil had a high rate of degradation in the post-harvest sorting line of Satsuma mandarins.The concentration of Prochloraz and Imazalil after 6 hours of processing 15 tons of Satsuma mandarins decreased by 98.6 μg/mL and 290.3 μg/mL， respectively.It is indicated that this method can be applied to detect the concentration of Prochloraz and Imazalil during the post-harvest processing of citrus fruits， which is beneficial for improving the efficiency of using fungicide and reducing costs of production.
2025,44(2):228-242
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.023
Abstract:
The efficient and stable genetic transformation system of plants is an important technical support for the analysis of gene function and molecular breeding. However， the imperfect tissue culture system seriously hinders its application in many plants， especially in crops. In recent years， many efficient genetic transformation systems of plants with non-tissue culture have been established to solve the problems mentioned above. This article focuses on the genetic transformation system of plants with non-tissue culture mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in terms of the current status of application， factors affecting transformation efficiency， and applications of gene editing with flower organ infection， cut-dip-budding （CDB） delivery， regenerative activity dependent in plant injection delivery （RAPID）， seed inoculation， development regulatory （DR） assisted transformation， and virus delivery in plants. The application of pollen tube channel method， particle bombardment method and nano delivery method in plants independent of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was summarized. It will provide reference for establishing efficient， simple and genotype-independent genetic transformation system with non-tissue culture in more species and assisting the studies on plant functional genes and the practices of molecular breeding.
The efficient and stable genetic transformation system of plants is an important technical support for the analysis of gene function and molecular breeding. However， the imperfect tissue culture system seriously hinders its application in many plants， especially in crops. In recent years， many efficient genetic transformation systems of plants with non-tissue culture have been established to solve the problems mentioned above. This article focuses on the genetic transformation system of plants with non-tissue culture mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in terms of the current status of application， factors affecting transformation efficiency， and applications of gene editing with flower organ infection， cut-dip-budding （CDB） delivery， regenerative activity dependent in plant injection delivery （RAPID）， seed inoculation， development regulatory （DR） assisted transformation， and virus delivery in plants. The application of pollen tube channel method， particle bombardment method and nano delivery method in plants independent of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was summarized. It will provide reference for establishing efficient， simple and genotype-independent genetic transformation system with non-tissue culture in more species and assisting the studies on plant functional genes and the practices of molecular breeding.
2025,44(2):243-250
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.024
Abstract:
‘Zaohong’navel orange ［Citrus sinensis （L.） Osbeck + C. unshiu Marc.］ is a grafted chimaera of ‘Robertson’ navel orange ［C. sinensis （L.） Osbeck］ and ‘Guoqing 1’ satsuma mandarin ［C. unshiu Marc.］.The ‘Zaohong’ navel orange has the peels of a navel orange and the flesh of a tangerine.It has a good flavor that has made it a favorite in recent years.The effects of different rootstocks on the growth of tree and fruit quality of ‘Zaohong’ navel orange were evaluated to provide a scientific basis for growers of ‘Zaohong’ navel orange species to select the optimal combinations of rootstock.The ‘Zaohong’ navel orange was used to study the effects of three different combinations of rootstock including C. reticulata Blanco cv. Red tangerine （Rt）， Poncirus trifoliata Raf.（Pt）， and originally Poncirus trifoliata and then red tangerine（Pt+Rt） on the growth and the fruit quality of the oranges.The results showed that there were differences in photosynthesis and its products， the growth of tree， fruit yield and quality of ‘Zaohong’ navel oranges grafted on different rootstocks.The content of soluble sugar in leaves， the concentration of intercellular CO2 and the stomatal conductivity were in the decreasing order of Pt>Pt+Rt>Rt.The growth of tree and fruit yield， plant height， crown diameter， shoot length， leaf size and fruit yield were in the decreasing order of Rt>Pt+Rt>Rt.The fruit quality including the content of soluble solids and total acid in Pt was higher than that in the other two combinations.There was no significant difference in the solids-acid ratio of the different combinations of rootstocks.The fruit weight of Rt and Pt+Rt was larger than that of Pt.The fruit size of Pt was unstable among different years.It is indicated that Rt has stronger growth of tree， higher yield of fruit and weight of single fruit， with acid fixation ratio not inferior to that of Pt. Rt has better economic benefits and is suitable for promotion and use in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
‘Zaohong’navel orange ［Citrus sinensis （L.） Osbeck + C. unshiu Marc.］ is a grafted chimaera of ‘Robertson’ navel orange ［C. sinensis （L.） Osbeck］ and ‘Guoqing 1’ satsuma mandarin ［C. unshiu Marc.］.The ‘Zaohong’ navel orange has the peels of a navel orange and the flesh of a tangerine.It has a good flavor that has made it a favorite in recent years.The effects of different rootstocks on the growth of tree and fruit quality of ‘Zaohong’ navel orange were evaluated to provide a scientific basis for growers of ‘Zaohong’ navel orange species to select the optimal combinations of rootstock.The ‘Zaohong’ navel orange was used to study the effects of three different combinations of rootstock including C. reticulata Blanco cv. Red tangerine （Rt）， Poncirus trifoliata Raf.（Pt）， and originally Poncirus trifoliata and then red tangerine（Pt+Rt） on the growth and the fruit quality of the oranges.The results showed that there were differences in photosynthesis and its products， the growth of tree， fruit yield and quality of ‘Zaohong’ navel oranges grafted on different rootstocks.The content of soluble sugar in leaves， the concentration of intercellular CO2 and the stomatal conductivity were in the decreasing order of Pt>Pt+Rt>Rt.The growth of tree and fruit yield， plant height， crown diameter， shoot length， leaf size and fruit yield were in the decreasing order of Rt>Pt+Rt>Rt.The fruit quality including the content of soluble solids and total acid in Pt was higher than that in the other two combinations.There was no significant difference in the solids-acid ratio of the different combinations of rootstocks.The fruit weight of Rt and Pt+Rt was larger than that of Pt.The fruit size of Pt was unstable among different years.It is indicated that Rt has stronger growth of tree， higher yield of fruit and weight of single fruit， with acid fixation ratio not inferior to that of Pt. Rt has better economic benefits and is suitable for promotion and use in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
2025,44(2):251-257
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.025
Abstract:
To clarify the cause of mortality in Pelophylax nigromaculatus， a pathogenic bacterial strain designated B20200824 was isolated from the brain， spine， liver， and kidney of diseased P. nigromaculatus. The strain was identified through physiological and biochemical assays， 16S rRNA sequencing， and phylogenetic analysis.. Subsequently， the susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentrations （MICs） were determined using the Kirby-Bauer （K-B） and broth micro-dilution methods， respectively. After identification， the strain was characterized as a Gram-negative short bacillus with biochemical properties consistent with those of Proteus vulgaris. Moreover， 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain exhibited a close genetic relationship with P. vulgaris， which shared over 99% genetic homology. Consequently， strain B20200824 was identified as P. vulgaris. The results of the drug susceptibility test showed that the strain was resistant to norfloxacin， amoxicillin， enrofloxacin， and 3 other drugs； it showed intermediate resistance to doxycycline and erythromycin， and susceptible to azithromycin， cefotaxime， florfenicol， and 2 other drugs. The MIC of florfenicol was 0.25 μg/mL， while the MICs for imipenem， levofloxacin， and azithromycin were 0.125 μg/mL， and for cefotaxime it was 0.061 25 μg/mL， respectively. These results were consistent with those obtained from the susceptibility assay. Taken together， these findings demonstrate that P. vulgaris can cause disease in P. nigromaculatus， and florfenicol is recommended for controlling infections caused by P. vulgaris in clinical practice.
To clarify the cause of mortality in Pelophylax nigromaculatus， a pathogenic bacterial strain designated B20200824 was isolated from the brain， spine， liver， and kidney of diseased P. nigromaculatus. The strain was identified through physiological and biochemical assays， 16S rRNA sequencing， and phylogenetic analysis.. Subsequently， the susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentrations （MICs） were determined using the Kirby-Bauer （K-B） and broth micro-dilution methods， respectively. After identification， the strain was characterized as a Gram-negative short bacillus with biochemical properties consistent with those of Proteus vulgaris. Moreover， 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain exhibited a close genetic relationship with P. vulgaris， which shared over 99% genetic homology. Consequently， strain B20200824 was identified as P. vulgaris. The results of the drug susceptibility test showed that the strain was resistant to norfloxacin， amoxicillin， enrofloxacin， and 3 other drugs； it showed intermediate resistance to doxycycline and erythromycin， and susceptible to azithromycin， cefotaxime， florfenicol， and 2 other drugs. The MIC of florfenicol was 0.25 μg/mL， while the MICs for imipenem， levofloxacin， and azithromycin were 0.125 μg/mL， and for cefotaxime it was 0.061 25 μg/mL， respectively. These results were consistent with those obtained from the susceptibility assay. Taken together， these findings demonstrate that P. vulgaris can cause disease in P. nigromaculatus， and florfenicol is recommended for controlling infections caused by P. vulgaris in clinical practice.
2025,44(2):258-264
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.026
Abstract:
To explore the etiology of a serious infectious disease affecting Rana grylio at a farm in Sichuan Province，pathological examinations and pathogen isolation were conducted on the diseased frogs.The isolated pathogen was identified using transmission electron microscopy，PCR detection，and phylogenetic analysis.External clinical signs included limb swelling and ulcerations on the body surface.The dead frog exhibited an enlarged liver，spleen and kidney.Histopathological observations revealed that the liver，spleen，kidney and other organs exhibited damage characterized by significant degeneration and necrosis foci.The carp epithelioma papulosum cyprini （EPC） cell line，inoculated with diseased samples at 25 ℃，demonstrated typical cytopathic effects （CPE） after four days，including rounding and shedding，with a TCID50 of 104.12/0.1 mL.Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that the virus exhibited a regular hexagonal shape with a crystalline array of its capsid，and the diagonal diameter measured approximately 165 nm.PCR by using specific primers for the major capsid protein （MCP） gene was performed on the internal tissues of infected frogs and on EPC cells with CPE，yielding positive results.Phylogenetic analysis based on MCP gene sequences indicated that the sequences of isolated virus shared over 99% identity with ranavirus and was classed as FV3-like.This study confirmed that the isolated virus，designated TSL210813，is a ranavirus，responsible for the disease observed in R. grylio.
To explore the etiology of a serious infectious disease affecting Rana grylio at a farm in Sichuan Province，pathological examinations and pathogen isolation were conducted on the diseased frogs.The isolated pathogen was identified using transmission electron microscopy，PCR detection，and phylogenetic analysis.External clinical signs included limb swelling and ulcerations on the body surface.The dead frog exhibited an enlarged liver，spleen and kidney.Histopathological observations revealed that the liver，spleen，kidney and other organs exhibited damage characterized by significant degeneration and necrosis foci.The carp epithelioma papulosum cyprini （EPC） cell line，inoculated with diseased samples at 25 ℃，demonstrated typical cytopathic effects （CPE） after four days，including rounding and shedding，with a TCID50 of 104.12/0.1 mL.Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that the virus exhibited a regular hexagonal shape with a crystalline array of its capsid，and the diagonal diameter measured approximately 165 nm.PCR by using specific primers for the major capsid protein （MCP） gene was performed on the internal tissues of infected frogs and on EPC cells with CPE，yielding positive results.Phylogenetic analysis based on MCP gene sequences indicated that the sequences of isolated virus shared over 99% identity with ranavirus and was classed as FV3-like.This study confirmed that the isolated virus，designated TSL210813，is a ranavirus，responsible for the disease observed in R. grylio.
2025,44(2):265-275
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.027
Abstract:
A seedling picking and chain breaking device for a chain paper pot seedling transplanter was designed with conventional hexagonal cross-section chain pot seedlings to solve the problems of continuous chain transplanting with unadjustable spacing of plant and inability to meet the requirements of transplanting crops with large spacing of plant in the existing chain paper pot seedling transplanters. The structure of key components and the range of working parameters were determined through theoretical analyses of the working process based on explaining the working principle of the seedling picking and chain breaking device. An experiment bench was set up for the experiment with single factor. The orthogonal combination experiment of three factors including the opening of the pinch finger， the inclination angle of the seedling chute and the planting frequency and three levels with the success rate of seedling taking and the rate of matrix loss as the evaluation indexes was conducted to analyze and optimize the effect of each factor on the evaluation index. The results showed that the effect was better when the opening of the pinch finger was 52 mm， the inclination angle of the seedling chute was 20°， and the planting frequency was 45 plants/min. The success rate of seedling taking and the rate of matrix loss in the bench experiment and the soil trough verification experiment was 91.3% and 14.2%， and 87.5% and 17.4% under this combination of parameters. It will provide reference for the development of the whole chain pot seedling transplanter.
A seedling picking and chain breaking device for a chain paper pot seedling transplanter was designed with conventional hexagonal cross-section chain pot seedlings to solve the problems of continuous chain transplanting with unadjustable spacing of plant and inability to meet the requirements of transplanting crops with large spacing of plant in the existing chain paper pot seedling transplanters. The structure of key components and the range of working parameters were determined through theoretical analyses of the working process based on explaining the working principle of the seedling picking and chain breaking device. An experiment bench was set up for the experiment with single factor. The orthogonal combination experiment of three factors including the opening of the pinch finger， the inclination angle of the seedling chute and the planting frequency and three levels with the success rate of seedling taking and the rate of matrix loss as the evaluation indexes was conducted to analyze and optimize the effect of each factor on the evaluation index. The results showed that the effect was better when the opening of the pinch finger was 52 mm， the inclination angle of the seedling chute was 20°， and the planting frequency was 45 plants/min. The success rate of seedling taking and the rate of matrix loss in the bench experiment and the soil trough verification experiment was 91.3% and 14.2%， and 87.5% and 17.4% under this combination of parameters. It will provide reference for the development of the whole chain pot seedling transplanter.
2025,44(2):276-283
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.028
Abstract:
The mechanical properties of stalks of water chestnut at the stage of transplanting were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanization of transplanting.Experiments of radial compression，shearing，and bending on the stalks of Hubei water chestnut No.1 and Dahongpao water chestnut from Tuanfeng County，Huanggang City，Hubei Province，China，were carried out with TMS-PRO textrometer.The results showed that the capacity of radial bearing in the stalks increased from the top to the bottom，with the average value of the lower part ranged from 4.0 N to 4.1 N.The longer the shelving time （within 4 hours），the lower the content of moisture in the stalks and the smaller the capacity of radial bearing.The effect of loading rate on the capacity of radial bearing was not significant.The lower part of the stalks had the highest force of shearing，with an average of 120 N to 165 N and a strength of shearing about 6 MPa.The effect of a 4-hour resting time on force of shearing was not significant.The upper part of the stalk had the smallest stiffness of bending，with an average between 1.4×10-3 N·m2 and 1.6×10-3 N·m2，the middle part had the largest bending modulus of elasticity，with an average between 290 MPa and 405 MPa，and the lower part had the largest cross-sectional moment of inertia，with an average between 33 mm4 and 35 mm4，and the force of the lower part was significantly higher than that of the upper and middle parts，with an average of the maximum load less than 2 N.It will provide a basis for the design of the machine tools for cutting，handling and transplanting of seedlings.
The mechanical properties of stalks of water chestnut at the stage of transplanting were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanization of transplanting.Experiments of radial compression，shearing，and bending on the stalks of Hubei water chestnut No.1 and Dahongpao water chestnut from Tuanfeng County，Huanggang City，Hubei Province，China，were carried out with TMS-PRO textrometer.The results showed that the capacity of radial bearing in the stalks increased from the top to the bottom，with the average value of the lower part ranged from 4.0 N to 4.1 N.The longer the shelving time （within 4 hours），the lower the content of moisture in the stalks and the smaller the capacity of radial bearing.The effect of loading rate on the capacity of radial bearing was not significant.The lower part of the stalks had the highest force of shearing，with an average of 120 N to 165 N and a strength of shearing about 6 MPa.The effect of a 4-hour resting time on force of shearing was not significant.The upper part of the stalk had the smallest stiffness of bending，with an average between 1.4×10-3 N·m2 and 1.6×10-3 N·m2，the middle part had the largest bending modulus of elasticity，with an average between 290 MPa and 405 MPa，and the lower part had the largest cross-sectional moment of inertia，with an average between 33 mm4 and 35 mm4，and the force of the lower part was significantly higher than that of the upper and middle parts，with an average of the maximum load less than 2 N.It will provide a basis for the design of the machine tools for cutting，handling and transplanting of seedlings.
2025,44(2):284-292
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.029
Abstract:
The XAG P20-2019 quadcopter UVA was used to spray foliar fertilizer on Acanthopanax trifoliatus to study the feasibility and optimal combination of working parameters for spraying foliar fertilizer on Acanthopanax trifoliatus with unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV）. The orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels was designed to investigate the effects of the concentration of spraying， the speed of flight and the height of working on the quality of spraying， the yield of Acanthopanax trifoliatus and the quality of leaf. The results showed that the speed of flight and the height of working had significant effects on the quality of spraying， and the density of droplet deposition had a strong positive correlation with the amount of droplet deposition. The effects of the concentration of spraying， the speed of flight and the height of working on the yield and quality of leaf in Acanthopanax trifoliatus were significant. The density and the amount of droplet deposition was 188.212/cm2 and 0.269 μg/cm2 when the concentration of spraying， the speed of flight and the height of working was 5 times the concentration recommended，1.0 m/s and 2.0 m. At this time， the effect of spraying foliar fertilizer on Acanthopanax trifoliatus with UAV was the best， with a 27.46% increase in the yield of Acanthopanax trifoliatus and a 33.23% increase in the content of chlorophyll in Acanthopanax trifoliatus compared with that of the control. It is indicated that it is feasible to use UAV to spray foliar fertilizer with high concentration on Acanthopanax trifoliatus. It will provide references for using the same type of UVA to spray foliar fertilizer.
The XAG P20-2019 quadcopter UVA was used to spray foliar fertilizer on Acanthopanax trifoliatus to study the feasibility and optimal combination of working parameters for spraying foliar fertilizer on Acanthopanax trifoliatus with unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV）. The orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels was designed to investigate the effects of the concentration of spraying， the speed of flight and the height of working on the quality of spraying， the yield of Acanthopanax trifoliatus and the quality of leaf. The results showed that the speed of flight and the height of working had significant effects on the quality of spraying， and the density of droplet deposition had a strong positive correlation with the amount of droplet deposition. The effects of the concentration of spraying， the speed of flight and the height of working on the yield and quality of leaf in Acanthopanax trifoliatus were significant. The density and the amount of droplet deposition was 188.212/cm2 and 0.269 μg/cm2 when the concentration of spraying， the speed of flight and the height of working was 5 times the concentration recommended，1.0 m/s and 2.0 m. At this time， the effect of spraying foliar fertilizer on Acanthopanax trifoliatus with UAV was the best， with a 27.46% increase in the yield of Acanthopanax trifoliatus and a 33.23% increase in the content of chlorophyll in Acanthopanax trifoliatus compared with that of the control. It is indicated that it is feasible to use UAV to spray foliar fertilizer with high concentration on Acanthopanax trifoliatus. It will provide references for using the same type of UVA to spray foliar fertilizer.
2025,44(2):293-300
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.030
Abstract:
Industrial syngas contains a large amount of CO2， and the utilization of CO2 resources is of great significance to the current improvement of environment. The homoacetogenesis in the process of anaerobic fermentation has characteristics of autotrophy and heterotrophy. It can use CO2 and H2 to produce acetic acid， and degrade glucose to produce volatile fatty acids （VFAs）. The autotrophic characteristics of homoacetogenic bacteria were used to study its ability to convert CO2 into resources and the effects of headspace H2/CO2 ratio， the type of carbon sources and pH on the synthesis of homoacetogenic reaction products. The results showed that high pH was beneficial for homoacetogenic bacteria to utilize H2/CO2 mixed gas for autotrophic reactions. When pH=5 and H2/CO2=3∶1， the yield of VFAs including acetic acid， propionic acid and butyric acid was the highest， reaching 3 369.89 mg/L， and the proportion of acetic acid was 76.1%. When glucose and H2/CO2 mixed gas were used as a common carbon source， the homoacetogenic bacteria preferentially used glucose for heterotrophic reaction， and then the H2/CO2 mixed gas began to be utilized. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a weak positive correlation between the content of VFAs and the value of pH， but a negative correlation with H2/CO2， indicating that the content of CO2 has a greater impact on the autotrophic pathway of homoacetogens. A prediction model with BP neural network for homoacetogenic reaction was established， which accurately predicted the yield of VFAs synthesized by homoacetogenic bacteria with H2/CO2 mixed gas as the carbon source（R2=0.966）.
Industrial syngas contains a large amount of CO2， and the utilization of CO2 resources is of great significance to the current improvement of environment. The homoacetogenesis in the process of anaerobic fermentation has characteristics of autotrophy and heterotrophy. It can use CO2 and H2 to produce acetic acid， and degrade glucose to produce volatile fatty acids （VFAs）. The autotrophic characteristics of homoacetogenic bacteria were used to study its ability to convert CO2 into resources and the effects of headspace H2/CO2 ratio， the type of carbon sources and pH on the synthesis of homoacetogenic reaction products. The results showed that high pH was beneficial for homoacetogenic bacteria to utilize H2/CO2 mixed gas for autotrophic reactions. When pH=5 and H2/CO2=3∶1， the yield of VFAs including acetic acid， propionic acid and butyric acid was the highest， reaching 3 369.89 mg/L， and the proportion of acetic acid was 76.1%. When glucose and H2/CO2 mixed gas were used as a common carbon source， the homoacetogenic bacteria preferentially used glucose for heterotrophic reaction， and then the H2/CO2 mixed gas began to be utilized. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a weak positive correlation between the content of VFAs and the value of pH， but a negative correlation with H2/CO2， indicating that the content of CO2 has a greater impact on the autotrophic pathway of homoacetogens. A prediction model with BP neural network for homoacetogenic reaction was established， which accurately predicted the yield of VFAs synthesized by homoacetogenic bacteria with H2/CO2 mixed gas as the carbon source（R2=0.966）.
2025,44(2):301-310
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2025.02.031
Abstract:
A heterogeneous network-based on interactions between plants was constructed，and a graph neural network-based method for predicting interactions between plants was proposed to solve the problem of accurately predicting inhibitory and promotive interactions between plants based on prior knowledge.The method is primarily composed of three modules including a representation learner，an interaction identifier，and a type classifier.The representation learner is responsible for extracting representations of interactions.The interaction identifier collaborates with the representation learner to predict whether an interaction exists on types of targeted plant and applies perturbations to the type classifier to maximally acquire transferable features across different types of interaction.The type classifier is designed to accurately distinguish types of interactions between plants to avoid being affected by the interaction identifier.The inter adversarial relationship among the three modules is leveraged to enhance robustness against the differences in the types of inhibitory and promotive interactions between plants，thereby effectively solving the problem of accurately predicting targeted interactions between plants.The AUC，precision，and accuracy of this method on the dataset of companion plant improved by 7.74，1.61，and 8.62 per cent，respectively compared with the best method SVM that of existing methods including SEAL，GATNE，HeGAN，PME，SVM，and RF，reaching 92.00%，80.12%，and 86.21%，respectively.The results indicate that the proposed method effectively mitigates the interference caused by target interaction type differences，enabling accurate prediction of plant interactions.This approach can be applied to optimize agricultural production practices.
A heterogeneous network-based on interactions between plants was constructed，and a graph neural network-based method for predicting interactions between plants was proposed to solve the problem of accurately predicting inhibitory and promotive interactions between plants based on prior knowledge.The method is primarily composed of three modules including a representation learner，an interaction identifier，and a type classifier.The representation learner is responsible for extracting representations of interactions.The interaction identifier collaborates with the representation learner to predict whether an interaction exists on types of targeted plant and applies perturbations to the type classifier to maximally acquire transferable features across different types of interaction.The type classifier is designed to accurately distinguish types of interactions between plants to avoid being affected by the interaction identifier.The inter adversarial relationship among the three modules is leveraged to enhance robustness against the differences in the types of inhibitory and promotive interactions between plants，thereby effectively solving the problem of accurately predicting targeted interactions between plants.The AUC，precision，and accuracy of this method on the dataset of companion plant improved by 7.74，1.61，and 8.62 per cent，respectively compared with the best method SVM that of existing methods including SEAL，GATNE，HeGAN，PME，SVM，and RF，reaching 92.00%，80.12%，and 86.21%，respectively.The results indicate that the proposed method effectively mitigates the interference caused by target interaction type differences，enabling accurate prediction of plant interactions.This approach can be applied to optimize agricultural production practices.
Display Method:
Abstract:
To investigate the carbon emission and carbon sequestration characteristics of different rice-duck-shrimp farming models compared to single rice cropping and traditional rice-crayfish farming models, a field experiment was conducted at the Double Water and Double Green Research Base of Huazhong Agricultural University in Jingzhou, Hubei Province. The experiment used rice variety Huamo Xiang No. 5, the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, and duck variety Wuqin No. 10 as experimental materials to study the effects of different farming models on methane (CH?), nitrous oxide (N?O) emissions, Global warming potential (GWP), greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI), and carbon sequestration potential in paddy fields. The results showed that compared to the traditional single rice cropping model, the rice-duck-crayfish model reduced CH? emissions, GWP, and GHGI in paddy fields, significantly increasing the carbon neutrality effect. Compared to single rice cropping, the rice-duck-crayfish model reduced CH? emissions by 28.1% to 32.1%, GWP by 27.0% to 30.7%, and GHGI by 23.0% to 26.7%, while increasing carbon sequestration by 2089 to 2569 kg/hm2. Compared to the rice-crayfish farming model, the rice-duck-crayfish model reduced CH? emissions by 18.6% to 23.1%, GWP by 17.9% to 22.2%, and GHGI by 18.7% to 22.0%, while increasing carbon sequestration by 616 to 1096 kg/hm2. This study indicates that the rice-duck-crayfish model can reduce carbon emissions in paddy fields and enhance the carbon neutrality level of paddy fields, with the Rice-duck-crayfish large field block model showing the best carbon reduction and sequestration effects.
To investigate the carbon emission and carbon sequestration characteristics of different rice-duck-shrimp farming models compared to single rice cropping and traditional rice-crayfish farming models, a field experiment was conducted at the Double Water and Double Green Research Base of Huazhong Agricultural University in Jingzhou, Hubei Province. The experiment used rice variety Huamo Xiang No. 5, the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, and duck variety Wuqin No. 10 as experimental materials to study the effects of different farming models on methane (CH?), nitrous oxide (N?O) emissions, Global warming potential (GWP), greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI), and carbon sequestration potential in paddy fields. The results showed that compared to the traditional single rice cropping model, the rice-duck-crayfish model reduced CH? emissions, GWP, and GHGI in paddy fields, significantly increasing the carbon neutrality effect. Compared to single rice cropping, the rice-duck-crayfish model reduced CH? emissions by 28.1% to 32.1%, GWP by 27.0% to 30.7%, and GHGI by 23.0% to 26.7%, while increasing carbon sequestration by 2089 to 2569 kg/hm2. Compared to the rice-crayfish farming model, the rice-duck-crayfish model reduced CH? emissions by 18.6% to 23.1%, GWP by 17.9% to 22.2%, and GHGI by 18.7% to 22.0%, while increasing carbon sequestration by 616 to 1096 kg/hm2. This study indicates that the rice-duck-crayfish model can reduce carbon emissions in paddy fields and enhance the carbon neutrality level of paddy fields, with the Rice-duck-crayfish large field block model showing the best carbon reduction and sequestration effects.
Ecosystem Service Function and Value Evaluation of Paddy Under Different Planting and Breeding Modes
Abstract:
In order to explore the service value of different breeding modes of rice field ecosystems, through field tests, rice is used as a mode (CK), rice-shrimp mode (RC), rice-duck-shrimp unit launch mode (CRCD), rice-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck -Primp "Nomaded Duck" (NRCD), rice-duck-shrimp-shrimp field block mode (BRCD) 5 kinds of rice field ecosystems to evaluate service value for research objects. Studies have shown that, compared with CK, the value of the ecosystem of the rice field breeding mode increases by an average of 32.9%. The ecological value in the five different rice field models accounts for 70.3%-81.0%of the total value, of which the value of climate adjustment is the highest. Comprehensive analysis of the service function of 13 rice field ecosystem service functions and 4 different paddy field breeding model ecosystems. Among them, rice-duck-shrimp unit launch model ecosystem ecosystem has the highest value, which is 140,500 yuan · HM-2. The results of this study can provide reference and basis for the evaluation of ecological service value and model optimization of rice fields.
In order to explore the service value of different breeding modes of rice field ecosystems, through field tests, rice is used as a mode (CK), rice-shrimp mode (RC), rice-duck-shrimp unit launch mode (CRCD), rice-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck-duck -Primp "Nomaded Duck" (NRCD), rice-duck-shrimp-shrimp field block mode (BRCD) 5 kinds of rice field ecosystems to evaluate service value for research objects. Studies have shown that, compared with CK, the value of the ecosystem of the rice field breeding mode increases by an average of 32.9%. The ecological value in the five different rice field models accounts for 70.3%-81.0%of the total value, of which the value of climate adjustment is the highest. Comprehensive analysis of the service function of 13 rice field ecosystem service functions and 4 different paddy field breeding model ecosystems. Among them, rice-duck-shrimp unit launch model ecosystem ecosystem has the highest value, which is 140,500 yuan · HM-2. The results of this study can provide reference and basis for the evaluation of ecological service value and model optimization of rice fields.
Abstract:
Aiming at the challenge of identifying weeds and crop seedlings in agricultural environment, this study proposed a lightweight method based on optimized MobileViT model to improve the accuracy and real-time recognition.This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the MobileViT model, introducing the SimAM attention mechanism. Its parameter-free and energy function-based design enhances the model's feature attention while maintaining a lightweight.Secondly, SCConv convolutional module is used to reduce the space and channel redundancy of features in the convolutional neural network to reduce the computational cost and model storage, and improve the performance of the convolutional module. A Loss function strategy combining Label Smoothing Loss and Cross Entropy Loss is adopted to improve the generalization performance of the model, reduce the risk of overfitting, and accelerate the convergence process of the model. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model MobileViT-SS, 12 common crop seedling and weed images were selected as the training data set, and the model was trained on these images. The experimental results show that the method is effective. The average recognition accuracy is 95.91%, the precision is 95.97%, the recall rate is 95.46%, and the F1 score is 95.69%. These indicators are superior to current widely used deep neural network models such as VGG-16, ResNet-18, and MobileNetv3. The method proposed in this study can accurately and quickly distinguish a variety of morphologically similar weeds and crop seedlings, and provide technical reference for weed identification in similar crops.
Aiming at the challenge of identifying weeds and crop seedlings in agricultural environment, this study proposed a lightweight method based on optimized MobileViT model to improve the accuracy and real-time recognition.This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the MobileViT model, introducing the SimAM attention mechanism. Its parameter-free and energy function-based design enhances the model's feature attention while maintaining a lightweight.Secondly, SCConv convolutional module is used to reduce the space and channel redundancy of features in the convolutional neural network to reduce the computational cost and model storage, and improve the performance of the convolutional module. A Loss function strategy combining Label Smoothing Loss and Cross Entropy Loss is adopted to improve the generalization performance of the model, reduce the risk of overfitting, and accelerate the convergence process of the model. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model MobileViT-SS, 12 common crop seedling and weed images were selected as the training data set, and the model was trained on these images. The experimental results show that the method is effective. The average recognition accuracy is 95.91%, the precision is 95.97%, the recall rate is 95.46%, and the F1 score is 95.69%. These indicators are superior to current widely used deep neural network models such as VGG-16, ResNet-18, and MobileNetv3. The method proposed in this study can accurately and quickly distinguish a variety of morphologically similar weeds and crop seedlings, and provide technical reference for weed identification in similar crops.
Ye Shengqiang, Gong Ping, Liang Zhenhua, Jiang Yang, Gu Zemao, Yang Yu, Wang Lixia, Chen Xing, Qian Yunguo
Abstract:
In order to explore the influence of high temperature in summer on the behavior, thereof weeding effect, and production performance of Wuqin 10 meat ducks under rice-duck symbiosis, five rice fields were selected in this study, which were divided into one large field (T0, 2 hm2) and four small fields (T1-T4, each one was 0.33 hm2). Wuqin 10 meat ducks were placed in above fields, with a density of 105~225 ducks/hm2. The experiment started from June 30th to August 31st. The occurrence and duration time of ducks' swimming, resting, feeding and other behaviors in the field all day, thereof the weeding effect, were continuously observed. The outdoor temperature at 08:00 and 14:00 every day, weekly weight gain of ducks and feed consumption were recorded during the experiment. The results showed that under the condition of high temperature in summer, the activity peaks of ducks in the field were usually at 05:00-10:00 and 15:00-19:00, and at noon, ducks actively sought the shade to enjoy the cool. Ducks generally moved within a certain radius near the duck house, and there was almost no duck activity at the distal region of T0 field far away the duck house. The weeding effect of rice-duck symbiosis was positively correlated with the frequency of ducks' activities in the field, and the frequency of ducks' activities in waterless areas was significantly reduced, so the weeding effect was poor. High temperature can cause heat stress in ducks, which significantly reduces the growth rate. The results showed that Wuqin 10 meat ducks were suitable for the rice-duck symbiosis mode, and its weeding effect was positively correlated with the range of duck activities. The high temperature in summer significantly affected the performance of ducks, and the shading in sports fields, irrigation in paddy fields and ditches could effectively reduce the heat stress.
In order to explore the influence of high temperature in summer on the behavior, thereof weeding effect, and production performance of Wuqin 10 meat ducks under rice-duck symbiosis, five rice fields were selected in this study, which were divided into one large field (T0, 2 hm2) and four small fields (T1-T4, each one was 0.33 hm2). Wuqin 10 meat ducks were placed in above fields, with a density of 105~225 ducks/hm2. The experiment started from June 30th to August 31st. The occurrence and duration time of ducks' swimming, resting, feeding and other behaviors in the field all day, thereof the weeding effect, were continuously observed. The outdoor temperature at 08:00 and 14:00 every day, weekly weight gain of ducks and feed consumption were recorded during the experiment. The results showed that under the condition of high temperature in summer, the activity peaks of ducks in the field were usually at 05:00-10:00 and 15:00-19:00, and at noon, ducks actively sought the shade to enjoy the cool. Ducks generally moved within a certain radius near the duck house, and there was almost no duck activity at the distal region of T0 field far away the duck house. The weeding effect of rice-duck symbiosis was positively correlated with the frequency of ducks' activities in the field, and the frequency of ducks' activities in waterless areas was significantly reduced, so the weeding effect was poor. High temperature can cause heat stress in ducks, which significantly reduces the growth rate. The results showed that Wuqin 10 meat ducks were suitable for the rice-duck symbiosis mode, and its weeding effect was positively correlated with the range of duck activities. The high temperature in summer significantly affected the performance of ducks, and the shading in sports fields, irrigation in paddy fields and ditches could effectively reduce the heat stress.
Abstract:
To investigate the effects of combined supplementation of sodium humate and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune function of Procambarus clarkii, juvenile crayfish were fed with 0 (CN), 0.5% Bacillus subtilis (BS), 0.5% sodium humic acid (HNa), 0.5% sodium humic acid and 0.5% Bacillus subtilis (BS+HNa) in commercial diets for 6 weeks. The results showed that the feed index of the diet supplemented group was significantly lower than that of the CN group, and the feed index of the BS+HNa group was the lowest, while the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency were significantly higher than those of the CN group (P<0.05). In terms of anti-oxidation, the activities of CAT and T-AOC in hemolymph and hepatopancreas of BS+HNa group were significantly higher than those of other groups, the content of MDA was significantly lower than that of other groups, and the level of SOD was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). In terms of immune function, the activities of AKP and ACP in hemolymph and hepatopancreas of each supplemented group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the activities of BS+HNa group were the highest. In conclusion, the addition of 0.5 %sodium humate and 0.5 %Bacillus subtilis can improve the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune performance of Procambarus clarkii, and the effect of combined addition is better than that of single addition. Therefore, it is recommended to use the combination of sodium humate and Bacillus subtilis.
To investigate the effects of combined supplementation of sodium humate and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune function of Procambarus clarkii, juvenile crayfish were fed with 0 (CN), 0.5% Bacillus subtilis (BS), 0.5% sodium humic acid (HNa), 0.5% sodium humic acid and 0.5% Bacillus subtilis (BS+HNa) in commercial diets for 6 weeks. The results showed that the feed index of the diet supplemented group was significantly lower than that of the CN group, and the feed index of the BS+HNa group was the lowest, while the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency were significantly higher than those of the CN group (P<0.05). In terms of anti-oxidation, the activities of CAT and T-AOC in hemolymph and hepatopancreas of BS+HNa group were significantly higher than those of other groups, the content of MDA was significantly lower than that of other groups, and the level of SOD was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). In terms of immune function, the activities of AKP and ACP in hemolymph and hepatopancreas of each supplemented group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the activities of BS+HNa group were the highest. In conclusion, the addition of 0.5 %sodium humate and 0.5 %Bacillus subtilis can improve the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune performance of Procambarus clarkii, and the effect of combined addition is better than that of single addition. Therefore, it is recommended to use the combination of sodium humate and Bacillus subtilis.
From traditional condiments to functional foods: Study on antioxidant capacity of Xianju wheat paste
Abstract:
To investigate the functional properties of the traditional condiment Xianju wheat paste, antioxidant components were extracted using a high-speed homogenization method, and the extraction conditions were optimized. Antioxidant capacities of Xianju wheat paste from different workshops and with different storage times were evaluated. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: material-to-liquid ratio of 1:35, ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction time of 6 min, and rotational speed of 8800 r/m. The antioxidant capacities of Xianju wheat paste extracts from different workshops, expressed as equivalents to Vc per gram of wheat paste, were as follows: DPPH radical scavenging ability of 3.47~7.3 mg Vc/g, OH radical scavenging ability of 55.32~7.75 mg Vc/g, ABTS+ radical scavenging ability of 24.32~42.85 mg Vc/g, and FRAP value of 5.8~11.3 μmol/L Vc/g. The antioxidant capacity of Xianju wheat paste increased significantly as storage time increased. The research results indicate that Xianju wheat paste possesses strong antioxidant activity and holds great potential for transitioning into a functional condiment and realizing its immense value.
To investigate the functional properties of the traditional condiment Xianju wheat paste, antioxidant components were extracted using a high-speed homogenization method, and the extraction conditions were optimized. Antioxidant capacities of Xianju wheat paste from different workshops and with different storage times were evaluated. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: material-to-liquid ratio of 1:35, ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction time of 6 min, and rotational speed of 8800 r/m. The antioxidant capacities of Xianju wheat paste extracts from different workshops, expressed as equivalents to Vc per gram of wheat paste, were as follows: DPPH radical scavenging ability of 3.47~7.3 mg Vc/g, OH radical scavenging ability of 55.32~7.75 mg Vc/g, ABTS+ radical scavenging ability of 24.32~42.85 mg Vc/g, and FRAP value of 5.8~11.3 μmol/L Vc/g. The antioxidant capacity of Xianju wheat paste increased significantly as storage time increased. The research results indicate that Xianju wheat paste possesses strong antioxidant activity and holds great potential for transitioning into a functional condiment and realizing its immense value.
Abstract:
A complex dynamic equilibrium exists between gut microbes and the male host, whose composition, abundance, metabolites, and signaling pathways significantly influence physiological functions from the local gut to distal organs such as the testes, kidneys, and parasympathetic gonads, thereby modulating host semen quality. The intestinal flora can influence animal semen quality by regulating both metabolic substrates (short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) and androgen metabolism, but also release signaling molecules (Serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide ) to regulate male reproductive function. This paper reviews the research progress on the effects of gut microbes on semen quality and reproductive performance of animals, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for improving animal semen quality.
A complex dynamic equilibrium exists between gut microbes and the male host, whose composition, abundance, metabolites, and signaling pathways significantly influence physiological functions from the local gut to distal organs such as the testes, kidneys, and parasympathetic gonads, thereby modulating host semen quality. The intestinal flora can influence animal semen quality by regulating both metabolic substrates (short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) and androgen metabolism, but also release signaling molecules (Serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide ) to regulate male reproductive function. This paper reviews the research progress on the effects of gut microbes on semen quality and reproductive performance of animals, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for improving animal semen quality.
Abstract:
In order to study the effects of different feeding frequencies and feeding levels on the growth, muscle nutrients and immune function of Procambarus clarkii, 3×3 two-factor design was used. The daily feeding frequencies were one (F1), two (F2) and three (F3) times, and the feeding levels were 3 % (L3), 4.5 % (L4.5) and 6 % (L6) of the experimental shrimp fresh weight. A total of 9 experimental groups were fed with (4.97±0.11) g crayfish for 56 days. The results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of shrimp in L4.5 and L6 feeding levels were significantly higher than those in L3 experimental group (P<0.05). The weight gain rate and specific growth rate of shrimp in L6 group were the highest, and the feed ratio of shrimp in L6 level was significantly higher than that in L3 and L4 (P<0.05). In terms of conventional nutritional composition of whole shrimp and conventional nutritional composition of muscle, the crude protein content of L4.5 and L6 experimental groups was significantly higher than that of L3 group (P<0.05), and the crude fat content of L6 was significantly higher than that of L4.5 and L3 experimental groups. In terms of serum biochemical indexes, the serum AKP, ACP, SOD, CAT and MDA levels of shrimp at L6 and L4.5 feeding levels were significantly higher than those of L3 group (P<0.05), and these indexes in F1 experimental group were significantly lower than those in F2 and F3 experimental groups, and there was a significant interaction between the two experimental factors (P<0.05). Combined with weight gain rate, survival rate and feed cost, the breeding benefit of L4.5 experimental group was significantly higher than that of other experimental groups (P<0.05) about 23.45 yuan /kg, followed by L6 and L3, which was the lowest about 13.65 yuan /kg. The feed cost of L4.5F2 group was the lowest and the breeding benefit was the highest. Considering the growth and health of the experimental shrimp, as well as the cost and benefit of breeding, the optimal feeding level of 4.5% and feeding frequency of 2 times per day were considered.
In order to study the effects of different feeding frequencies and feeding levels on the growth, muscle nutrients and immune function of Procambarus clarkii, 3×3 two-factor design was used. The daily feeding frequencies were one (F1), two (F2) and three (F3) times, and the feeding levels were 3 % (L3), 4.5 % (L4.5) and 6 % (L6) of the experimental shrimp fresh weight. A total of 9 experimental groups were fed with (4.97±0.11) g crayfish for 56 days. The results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of shrimp in L4.5 and L6 feeding levels were significantly higher than those in L3 experimental group (P<0.05). The weight gain rate and specific growth rate of shrimp in L6 group were the highest, and the feed ratio of shrimp in L6 level was significantly higher than that in L3 and L4 (P<0.05). In terms of conventional nutritional composition of whole shrimp and conventional nutritional composition of muscle, the crude protein content of L4.5 and L6 experimental groups was significantly higher than that of L3 group (P<0.05), and the crude fat content of L6 was significantly higher than that of L4.5 and L3 experimental groups. In terms of serum biochemical indexes, the serum AKP, ACP, SOD, CAT and MDA levels of shrimp at L6 and L4.5 feeding levels were significantly higher than those of L3 group (P<0.05), and these indexes in F1 experimental group were significantly lower than those in F2 and F3 experimental groups, and there was a significant interaction between the two experimental factors (P<0.05). Combined with weight gain rate, survival rate and feed cost, the breeding benefit of L4.5 experimental group was significantly higher than that of other experimental groups (P<0.05) about 23.45 yuan /kg, followed by L6 and L3, which was the lowest about 13.65 yuan /kg. The feed cost of L4.5F2 group was the lowest and the breeding benefit was the highest. Considering the growth and health of the experimental shrimp, as well as the cost and benefit of breeding, the optimal feeding level of 4.5% and feeding frequency of 2 times per day were considered.
Zhao you you, Li hao, Tian hui wen, Chen tao, Chai li guang, Ma jun feng, Sun yu xiao, Wu yong, Sun jing guo, Sun xue cheng
Abstract:
This study aimed to investigate the effects of spraying ordinary molybdenum fertilizer and nano molybdenum fertilizer on the growth of tobacco and the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. "Yunyan 87" was used as the experimental material in a pot experiment with five treatments: control (CK), ammonium molybdate (T1), nano molybdenum oxide (T2), nano molybdenum zinc sulfate (T3), and nano molybdenum potassium sulfate (T4). Agronomic traits, biomass accumulation, molybdenum content, and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium accumulation in tobacco were analyzed. The results showed that both spraying ordinary molybdenum fertilizer and nano molybdenum fertilizer effectively increased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and total leaf sugar content of tobacco. The treatment with nano molybdenum zinc sulfate performed the best. Under nano molybdenum zinc sulfate treatment, the fresh weight and dry weight of tobacco leaves increased by 32.29% and 29.95% compared to the ammonium molybdate treatment, respectively. Compared to the control, the molybdenum accumulation in tobacco leaves increased by 18.48 times, 17.30 times, 11.72 times, and 16.70 times under the ammonium molybdate, nano molybdenum oxide, nano molybdenum zinc sulfate, and nano molybdenum potassium sulfate treatments, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation in tobacco leaves tended to increase under molybdenum fertilizer treatments. Specifically, compared to the control, nano molybdenum zinc sulfate treatment increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation in tobacco leaves by 30.61%, 39.94%, and 48.78%, respectively, surpassing the increases seen with ammonium molybdate (18.86%, 28.79%, and 20.92%). This indicates that nano molybdenum fertilizer is more effective than ordinary molybdenum fertilizer in promoting the growth of tobacco seedlings and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with nano molybdenum zinc sulfate showing the best performance.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of spraying ordinary molybdenum fertilizer and nano molybdenum fertilizer on the growth of tobacco and the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. "Yunyan 87" was used as the experimental material in a pot experiment with five treatments: control (CK), ammonium molybdate (T1), nano molybdenum oxide (T2), nano molybdenum zinc sulfate (T3), and nano molybdenum potassium sulfate (T4). Agronomic traits, biomass accumulation, molybdenum content, and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium accumulation in tobacco were analyzed. The results showed that both spraying ordinary molybdenum fertilizer and nano molybdenum fertilizer effectively increased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and total leaf sugar content of tobacco. The treatment with nano molybdenum zinc sulfate performed the best. Under nano molybdenum zinc sulfate treatment, the fresh weight and dry weight of tobacco leaves increased by 32.29% and 29.95% compared to the ammonium molybdate treatment, respectively. Compared to the control, the molybdenum accumulation in tobacco leaves increased by 18.48 times, 17.30 times, 11.72 times, and 16.70 times under the ammonium molybdate, nano molybdenum oxide, nano molybdenum zinc sulfate, and nano molybdenum potassium sulfate treatments, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation in tobacco leaves tended to increase under molybdenum fertilizer treatments. Specifically, compared to the control, nano molybdenum zinc sulfate treatment increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation in tobacco leaves by 30.61%, 39.94%, and 48.78%, respectively, surpassing the increases seen with ammonium molybdate (18.86%, 28.79%, and 20.92%). This indicates that nano molybdenum fertilizer is more effective than ordinary molybdenum fertilizer in promoting the growth of tobacco seedlings and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with nano molybdenum zinc sulfate showing the best performance.
Abstract:
To pinpoint the most suitable duck breeds for the Rice-duck-crayfish integrated system, this study contrasted the weed management, pest control, and residual crayfish predation abilities of the meat duck group (Wu Qin No.10) and the Laying duck group (Nong Hu No.2), with the Rice-crayfish continuous culture system serving as the control. Here are the key findings: 1. Weed management: The meat duck group achieved a significant weed control efficacy of 65.83%, which was substantially higher than the Laying duck group's 11.09% (P<0.05). Specifically, the meat duck group's control efficacy against Alternanthera philoxeroides was 50.40%, a notable improvement over the Laying duck group's -198.34% (P<0.05). The meat duck group also demonstrated a 56.82% efficacy against Cyperus difformis, outperforming the Laying duck group's 37.88%, and a 79.31% efficacy against Echinochloa crusgalli, which was marginally less than the Laying duck group's 81.03%. 2. Pest Control: After a 30-day period with ducks present, both the meat duck and Laying duck groups achieved a complete control efficacy of 100% against Chilo suppressalis. The meat duck group had an 74.93% control efficacy against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, which was higher than the Laying duck group's 45.00%. A day after duck removal, the meat duck group's control efficacy against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis was 99.20%, surpassing the Laying duck group's 94.60%. Both groups achieved 100% control efficacy against Chilo suppressalis, with no plant mortality observed. 3. Predation on residual crayfish: The meat duck group had a daily predation rate of 1.67 crayfish tails, which was higher than the Laying duck group's rate of 1.33 tails per day. The meat duck group's crayfish seed yield in the subsequent year was 60.00 kg/hm2, which was lower than the Laying duck group's yield of 75.5 kg/hm2, but both yields were significantly below the RCCC group's yield of 670.91 kg/hm2 (P<0.05). Considering the weed management, pest control, and residual crayfish predation abilities, it was determined that the Wu Qin No.10 meat duck is better suited for the RDCI.
To pinpoint the most suitable duck breeds for the Rice-duck-crayfish integrated system, this study contrasted the weed management, pest control, and residual crayfish predation abilities of the meat duck group (Wu Qin No.10) and the Laying duck group (Nong Hu No.2), with the Rice-crayfish continuous culture system serving as the control. Here are the key findings: 1. Weed management: The meat duck group achieved a significant weed control efficacy of 65.83%, which was substantially higher than the Laying duck group's 11.09% (P<0.05). Specifically, the meat duck group's control efficacy against Alternanthera philoxeroides was 50.40%, a notable improvement over the Laying duck group's -198.34% (P<0.05). The meat duck group also demonstrated a 56.82% efficacy against Cyperus difformis, outperforming the Laying duck group's 37.88%, and a 79.31% efficacy against Echinochloa crusgalli, which was marginally less than the Laying duck group's 81.03%. 2. Pest Control: After a 30-day period with ducks present, both the meat duck and Laying duck groups achieved a complete control efficacy of 100% against Chilo suppressalis. The meat duck group had an 74.93% control efficacy against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, which was higher than the Laying duck group's 45.00%. A day after duck removal, the meat duck group's control efficacy against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis was 99.20%, surpassing the Laying duck group's 94.60%. Both groups achieved 100% control efficacy against Chilo suppressalis, with no plant mortality observed. 3. Predation on residual crayfish: The meat duck group had a daily predation rate of 1.67 crayfish tails, which was higher than the Laying duck group's rate of 1.33 tails per day. The meat duck group's crayfish seed yield in the subsequent year was 60.00 kg/hm2, which was lower than the Laying duck group's yield of 75.5 kg/hm2, but both yields were significantly below the RCCC group's yield of 670.91 kg/hm2 (P<0.05). Considering the weed management, pest control, and residual crayfish predation abilities, it was determined that the Wu Qin No.10 meat duck is better suited for the RDCI.
Abstract:
Low productivity of acidic soils is one of the main problems limiting food security and sustainable development in China. With the increasing problem of soil acidification in China, there is an urgent need to improve the adaptability of oilseed rape to acidic soils and to develop acid-tolerant and high-yield oilseed rape.. To improve rapeseed productivity in acidic soils, this paper proposes five technical measures including screening acid-tolerant rapeseed varieties, developing acid-tolerant seed pelletization formulas, developing special formula fertilizer for acid tolerance and high yield, applying organic fertilizer, and using acidic soil conditioner. On this basis, a regional comprehensive utilization model of acid-tolerant and high-yielding technologies for Brassica napus was proposed for slightly, moderately and strongly acidic soils to alleviate soil acidification, increase rapeseed yield, and achieve the goal of increasing production and efficiency. In addition, this paper also briefly describes the cultivation and management measures for high-yield and stress-resistant oilseed rape, proposes a path for achieving high-quality development of the rapeseed industry in acidic soil areas in response to the trend of farmland acidification in China, aiming to provide important support for ensuring the safety of edible oil in China.
Low productivity of acidic soils is one of the main problems limiting food security and sustainable development in China. With the increasing problem of soil acidification in China, there is an urgent need to improve the adaptability of oilseed rape to acidic soils and to develop acid-tolerant and high-yield oilseed rape.. To improve rapeseed productivity in acidic soils, this paper proposes five technical measures including screening acid-tolerant rapeseed varieties, developing acid-tolerant seed pelletization formulas, developing special formula fertilizer for acid tolerance and high yield, applying organic fertilizer, and using acidic soil conditioner. On this basis, a regional comprehensive utilization model of acid-tolerant and high-yielding technologies for Brassica napus was proposed for slightly, moderately and strongly acidic soils to alleviate soil acidification, increase rapeseed yield, and achieve the goal of increasing production and efficiency. In addition, this paper also briefly describes the cultivation and management measures for high-yield and stress-resistant oilseed rape, proposes a path for achieving high-quality development of the rapeseed industry in acidic soil areas in response to the trend of farmland acidification in China, aiming to provide important support for ensuring the safety of edible oil in China.
Abstract:
Rice-fishery integrated farming systems not only effectively reduces the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but also enhances food safety and cultivation benefits, contributing to poverty alleviation, increased employment, and the resolution of abandoned farmland issues. The "rice-crayfish" and "rice-duck-crayfish" are the most typical and fastest-growing systems of rice-fishery integrated farming systems in China. Rice fields and straw provide favorable living environments and ample food for crayfish, whose necromass, excrement, and leftover feed in nutrient accumulation and cycling. Studies showed that the bioturbation and predation behaviors of crayfish could affect paddy soil microbial diversity and organic carbon accumulation, which has the importance of sustainable development in rice-fishery integrated farming systems. A field comparison experiment of rice monoculture system (RMs) and rice-crayfish farming system (RCs) to investigate the diversity of microbial communities and organic carbon sequestration in the topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm). The results demonstrated that the RCs leaded to a 7.3% increase in topsoil organic carbon content compared to RMs, while a significant increase of 35.8% in subsoil. The fungal community diversity in the subsoil significantly decreased, with Chao, Richness, and ACE indices declining by 6.9%, 7.2%, and 8.7%, respectively, while there was no significant impact on microbial community diversity in the topsoil. The RCs notably enhanced the network size, connectivity, and average degree of co-occurrence networks for bacteria and fungi in both topsoil and subsoil, thereby improving network stability. Overall, the RCs significantly increases subsoil organic carbon accumulation and microbial community stability, promoting paddy soil biological fertility.
Rice-fishery integrated farming systems not only effectively reduces the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but also enhances food safety and cultivation benefits, contributing to poverty alleviation, increased employment, and the resolution of abandoned farmland issues. The "rice-crayfish" and "rice-duck-crayfish" are the most typical and fastest-growing systems of rice-fishery integrated farming systems in China. Rice fields and straw provide favorable living environments and ample food for crayfish, whose necromass, excrement, and leftover feed in nutrient accumulation and cycling. Studies showed that the bioturbation and predation behaviors of crayfish could affect paddy soil microbial diversity and organic carbon accumulation, which has the importance of sustainable development in rice-fishery integrated farming systems. A field comparison experiment of rice monoculture system (RMs) and rice-crayfish farming system (RCs) to investigate the diversity of microbial communities and organic carbon sequestration in the topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm). The results demonstrated that the RCs leaded to a 7.3% increase in topsoil organic carbon content compared to RMs, while a significant increase of 35.8% in subsoil. The fungal community diversity in the subsoil significantly decreased, with Chao, Richness, and ACE indices declining by 6.9%, 7.2%, and 8.7%, respectively, while there was no significant impact on microbial community diversity in the topsoil. The RCs notably enhanced the network size, connectivity, and average degree of co-occurrence networks for bacteria and fungi in both topsoil and subsoil, thereby improving network stability. Overall, the RCs significantly increases subsoil organic carbon accumulation and microbial community stability, promoting paddy soil biological fertility.
Abstract:
In Hainan field-grown Curcuma wenyujin plants, wilting and root rot symptoms were observed. A root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus sp., was detected in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. To determine the this nematode species and its role as the causal agent of C. wenyujin wilting and root rot, the nematode associated with C. wenyujin roots was identified through integrated morphological and molecular biological methods. And following Koch’s postulates, the pathogenicity of this nematode was confirmed via greenhouse pot inoculation experiments. The results demonstrated that the nematode was Pratylenchus coffeae. This nematode infested the root tissues of C. wenyujin, leading to browning, necrosis, or rotting of roots and rhizomes, accompanied by plant stunting, yellowing, and wilting, leading to significant reductions in rhizome yield and quality. This study confirms P. coffeae as the pathogen responsible for wilting and root rot in C. wenyujin. This is the first discovery and confirmation of P. coffeae infecting and damaging the medicinal plant C. wenyujin, and causing root rot nematode disease. These findings provide critical insights for the diagnosis and management of this disease.
In Hainan field-grown Curcuma wenyujin plants, wilting and root rot symptoms were observed. A root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus sp., was detected in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. To determine the this nematode species and its role as the causal agent of C. wenyujin wilting and root rot, the nematode associated with C. wenyujin roots was identified through integrated morphological and molecular biological methods. And following Koch’s postulates, the pathogenicity of this nematode was confirmed via greenhouse pot inoculation experiments. The results demonstrated that the nematode was Pratylenchus coffeae. This nematode infested the root tissues of C. wenyujin, leading to browning, necrosis, or rotting of roots and rhizomes, accompanied by plant stunting, yellowing, and wilting, leading to significant reductions in rhizome yield and quality. This study confirms P. coffeae as the pathogen responsible for wilting and root rot in C. wenyujin. This is the first discovery and confirmation of P. coffeae infecting and damaging the medicinal plant C. wenyujin, and causing root rot nematode disease. These findings provide critical insights for the diagnosis and management of this disease.
Abstract:
This study proposed a novel lightweight crop leaf disease detection algorithm, EMD-YOLO, based on YOLOv8n, aimed at accurately and rapidly identifying diseases, reducing manual diagnostic costs, and minimizing the impact of leaf diseases on crop production and quality. The algorithm integrates the multi-scale dilated attention (MSDA), EffectiveSE attention mechanism, DySample upsampling, and Wise-IoU loss function. MSDA combines multi-scale spatial convolution with attention mechanisms to improve multi-scale feature efficiency; EffectiveSE strengthens feature selection, enhancing the model’s representational performance; DySample upsampling preserves important features, enhancing feature map resolution and detection performance; Wise-IoU loss function optimizes Intersection over Union (IoU) computation, improving model localization accuracy. Experiment results showed that EMD-YOLO outperformed the baseline model YOLOv8n, achieving improvements of 3% in precision and 3.6% in mean Average Precision (mAP), with reductions of 0.8M in parameters and 1.4MB in weights, while demonstrating good generalization and suitability for mobile crop leaf disease detection devices.
This study proposed a novel lightweight crop leaf disease detection algorithm, EMD-YOLO, based on YOLOv8n, aimed at accurately and rapidly identifying diseases, reducing manual diagnostic costs, and minimizing the impact of leaf diseases on crop production and quality. The algorithm integrates the multi-scale dilated attention (MSDA), EffectiveSE attention mechanism, DySample upsampling, and Wise-IoU loss function. MSDA combines multi-scale spatial convolution with attention mechanisms to improve multi-scale feature efficiency; EffectiveSE strengthens feature selection, enhancing the model’s representational performance; DySample upsampling preserves important features, enhancing feature map resolution and detection performance; Wise-IoU loss function optimizes Intersection over Union (IoU) computation, improving model localization accuracy. Experiment results showed that EMD-YOLO outperformed the baseline model YOLOv8n, achieving improvements of 3% in precision and 3.6% in mean Average Precision (mAP), with reductions of 0.8M in parameters and 1.4MB in weights, while demonstrating good generalization and suitability for mobile crop leaf disease detection devices.
chen jing yi, hou liang, lin shen, jiang ming chen, liu xue yu, wang shao di, ma yu can, hou jie, he xu gang
Abstract:
In order to study the current status of plankton and fish resources in the Enshi Section of the Qingjiang River Basin, surveys and analyses of aquatic biological resources such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish were carried out in January, April, and July 2023 in the mainstem of the Enshi Section of Qingjiang River Basin and its tributaries which including Changpian River, Xiaoxi River, Zhongjian River, and Mashui River. A total of 100 species (including varieties) of phytoplankton were detected in 8 phylum, of which 28 species were found in the Chlorophyta and 19 species were dominant in the Cyanophyta. The species, density and biomass of phytoplankton showed an upward trend. Zooplankton were detected in 4 categories, 40 families and 55 genera, among which 25 genera of Protozoa were found to be the most numerous; 3 species of zooplankton were found to be dominant, all belonging to the Protozoa. The number of zooplankton species increased, but the density and biomass did not change significantly. Totally 51 species of fish were collected, belonging to 3 orders, 11 families and 44 genera, among which the Cypriniformes had the largest number of species, with 39. The dominant species were the Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Pseudorasbora parva, Opsariichthys bidens and Hemiculter leucisculus. The number of fish species in the Enshi Section of the Qingjiang River Basin decreased significantly compared to the historical number in 1987, 1990 (total of 122 species), while the number of species increased compared to the 2020~2022 survey data (44 species). Fish in the Enshi Section of the Qingjiang River Basin tend to be miniaturised and have low biodiversity. Rare fish resources such as Rhinogobio ventralis and Spinibarbus sinensis, which produce drifting eggs are in serious decline, but the resources of rare fish which mainly produce adhesive eggs such as Schizothorax davidi, Euchiloglanis david and Procypris rabaudi, as well as economic fish resources such as Cultrichthys erythropterus have rebounded. These changes are mainly related to the changes in hydrological conditions caused by the development and construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. It is recommended that stickleback egg-laying fishes such as the Schizothorax davidi should protect and restore their habitat. At the same time, we recommend regularly carry out artificial enhancement and releasing for fishes such as Rhinogobio ventralis, Spinibarbus sinensis et al. and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis et al. Through those methods to achieve the purpose of improving aquatic biodiversity in Enshi Section of Qingjiang River Basin.
In order to study the current status of plankton and fish resources in the Enshi Section of the Qingjiang River Basin, surveys and analyses of aquatic biological resources such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish were carried out in January, April, and July 2023 in the mainstem of the Enshi Section of Qingjiang River Basin and its tributaries which including Changpian River, Xiaoxi River, Zhongjian River, and Mashui River. A total of 100 species (including varieties) of phytoplankton were detected in 8 phylum, of which 28 species were found in the Chlorophyta and 19 species were dominant in the Cyanophyta. The species, density and biomass of phytoplankton showed an upward trend. Zooplankton were detected in 4 categories, 40 families and 55 genera, among which 25 genera of Protozoa were found to be the most numerous; 3 species of zooplankton were found to be dominant, all belonging to the Protozoa. The number of zooplankton species increased, but the density and biomass did not change significantly. Totally 51 species of fish were collected, belonging to 3 orders, 11 families and 44 genera, among which the Cypriniformes had the largest number of species, with 39. The dominant species were the Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Pseudorasbora parva, Opsariichthys bidens and Hemiculter leucisculus. The number of fish species in the Enshi Section of the Qingjiang River Basin decreased significantly compared to the historical number in 1987, 1990 (total of 122 species), while the number of species increased compared to the 2020~2022 survey data (44 species). Fish in the Enshi Section of the Qingjiang River Basin tend to be miniaturised and have low biodiversity. Rare fish resources such as Rhinogobio ventralis and Spinibarbus sinensis, which produce drifting eggs are in serious decline, but the resources of rare fish which mainly produce adhesive eggs such as Schizothorax davidi, Euchiloglanis david and Procypris rabaudi, as well as economic fish resources such as Cultrichthys erythropterus have rebounded. These changes are mainly related to the changes in hydrological conditions caused by the development and construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. It is recommended that stickleback egg-laying fishes such as the Schizothorax davidi should protect and restore their habitat. At the same time, we recommend regularly carry out artificial enhancement and releasing for fishes such as Rhinogobio ventralis, Spinibarbus sinensis et al. and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis et al. Through those methods to achieve the purpose of improving aquatic biodiversity in Enshi Section of Qingjiang River Basin.
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to study the content and composition of hydrolyzed amino acids and free amino acids in buffalo milk and cow's milk, to provide a wider scientific basis for the development of buffalo milk products and functional foods, and to preliminarily investigate the feasibility of classifying buffalo milk and cow's milk by amino acids, which will provide a new way of thinking for the detection of adulteration in buffalo milk and cow's milk. Firstly, 30 portions of buffalo milk and 70 portions of cow's milk were collected and tested for free and hydrolyzed amino acid content using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Secondly, the amino acids of buffalo milk and cow's milk were compared in four aspects: composition, nutritional evaluation, flavor evaluation and medicinal evaluation. Finally, buffalo milk and cow's milk classification models were developed using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) with the percentage contents of free and hydrolyzed amino acids as input variables. It was found that the total amount of free amino acids in buffalo milk and cow's milk were 120.93 μg?g-1 and 98.19 μg?g-1 milk samples, respectively, and the total amount of hydrolyzed amino acids were 4.21 g?100g-1 and 2.95 g?100g-1 milk samples; in terms of amino acid composition: the absolute content of 16 hydrolyzed amino acids in buffalo milk was significantly higher than that of cow milk (P<0.05), and the percentage content was similar to that of cow milk; except for Asp, Thr and Glu, the absolute content of the other 14 free amino acids in buffalo milk was significantly higher than that of cow milk (P<0.05), and there was a big difference in the characteristics of the percentage content; in terms of flavor and medicinal evaluation: buffalo milk In terms of flavor and medicinal evaluation: buffalo milk was rich in fresh and sweet amino acids, and the contents of essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids and medicinal amino acids were significantly higher than that of cow's milk (P<0.05); in terms of nutritional evaluation: the EAA/TAA was 40%, and the EAA/NEAA was 76%, which was higher than the standard of ideal protein, indicating that buffalo milk and cow's milk proteins were both high-quality proteins; the nutritive value of buffalo milk proteins was higher than cow's milk in the amino acid scoring model of populations other than infants. The amino acid score of buffalo milk protein was higher than 100 under the amino acid score model of the population except infants; the accuracy of the species discrimination model was 100%. In summary, buffalo milk protein is of high value, rich in fresh and sweet amino acids that regulate the flavor of milk, as well as essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids and medicinal amino acids that improve human body functions, and has great market potential for comprehensive development and utilization. In addition, the amino acid composition of buffalo milk and cow's milk has its own characteristics, and the utilization of amino acid characteristics can be used to identify the authenticity of the milk source.
The aim of this paper is to study the content and composition of hydrolyzed amino acids and free amino acids in buffalo milk and cow's milk, to provide a wider scientific basis for the development of buffalo milk products and functional foods, and to preliminarily investigate the feasibility of classifying buffalo milk and cow's milk by amino acids, which will provide a new way of thinking for the detection of adulteration in buffalo milk and cow's milk. Firstly, 30 portions of buffalo milk and 70 portions of cow's milk were collected and tested for free and hydrolyzed amino acid content using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Secondly, the amino acids of buffalo milk and cow's milk were compared in four aspects: composition, nutritional evaluation, flavor evaluation and medicinal evaluation. Finally, buffalo milk and cow's milk classification models were developed using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) with the percentage contents of free and hydrolyzed amino acids as input variables. It was found that the total amount of free amino acids in buffalo milk and cow's milk were 120.93 μg?g-1 and 98.19 μg?g-1 milk samples, respectively, and the total amount of hydrolyzed amino acids were 4.21 g?100g-1 and 2.95 g?100g-1 milk samples; in terms of amino acid composition: the absolute content of 16 hydrolyzed amino acids in buffalo milk was significantly higher than that of cow milk (P<0.05), and the percentage content was similar to that of cow milk; except for Asp, Thr and Glu, the absolute content of the other 14 free amino acids in buffalo milk was significantly higher than that of cow milk (P<0.05), and there was a big difference in the characteristics of the percentage content; in terms of flavor and medicinal evaluation: buffalo milk In terms of flavor and medicinal evaluation: buffalo milk was rich in fresh and sweet amino acids, and the contents of essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids and medicinal amino acids were significantly higher than that of cow's milk (P<0.05); in terms of nutritional evaluation: the EAA/TAA was 40%, and the EAA/NEAA was 76%, which was higher than the standard of ideal protein, indicating that buffalo milk and cow's milk proteins were both high-quality proteins; the nutritive value of buffalo milk proteins was higher than cow's milk in the amino acid scoring model of populations other than infants. The amino acid score of buffalo milk protein was higher than 100 under the amino acid score model of the population except infants; the accuracy of the species discrimination model was 100%. In summary, buffalo milk protein is of high value, rich in fresh and sweet amino acids that regulate the flavor of milk, as well as essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids and medicinal amino acids that improve human body functions, and has great market potential for comprehensive development and utilization. In addition, the amino acid composition of buffalo milk and cow's milk has its own characteristics, and the utilization of amino acid characteristics can be used to identify the authenticity of the milk source.
Abstract:
利用CRISPR/Cas9技术在PRRSV易感的MARC-145细胞中敲除铁自噬的关键受体NCOA4基因，为研究铁自噬和PRRSV感染的关系提供细胞模型。根据 CRISPR/Cas9 设计原则，设计sgRNA，并构建至pLentiCRISPRV2载体中，通过筛选单克隆，并结合Sanger测序和Western blot检测，确定NCOA4的敲除效率，得到敲除NCOA4基因的MARC-145细胞系。随后，对NCOA4缺失型和野生型MARC-145进行细胞周期及活性检测，并在mRNA和蛋白水平检测了NCOA4的缺失对PRRSV复制的影响，结果显示：铁自噬的关键受体NCOA4缺失促进PRRSV的复制。这对阐明NCOA4介导的铁自噬对PRRSV复制的影响具有重要意义，为PRRS的防控提供理论基础。
利用CRISPR/Cas9技术在PRRSV易感的MARC-145细胞中敲除铁自噬的关键受体NCOA4基因，为研究铁自噬和PRRSV感染的关系提供细胞模型。根据 CRISPR/Cas9 设计原则，设计sgRNA，并构建至pLentiCRISPRV2载体中，通过筛选单克隆，并结合Sanger测序和Western blot检测，确定NCOA4的敲除效率，得到敲除NCOA4基因的MARC-145细胞系。随后，对NCOA4缺失型和野生型MARC-145进行细胞周期及活性检测，并在mRNA和蛋白水平检测了NCOA4的缺失对PRRSV复制的影响，结果显示：铁自噬的关键受体NCOA4缺失促进PRRSV的复制。这对阐明NCOA4介导的铁自噬对PRRSV复制的影响具有重要意义，为PRRS的防控提供理论基础。
Abstract:
In order to achieve the goal of high yield, high quality and high efficiency under the ecological planting and breeding mode of rice field, four kinds of planting and breeding modes were set up, including rice duck shrimp field block mode (BRXD), rice duck shrimp unit feeding mode (CRXD), rice duck shrimp nomadic duck mode (NRXD) and rice shrimp mode (RX), with the traditional rice monoculture (CK) as the control, to explore the effects of different planting and breeding modes on rice growth and yield formation. The results showed that compared with CK mode, the population growth rate and tiller biomass at full heading stage were significantly increased under rice duck shrimp mode (BRXD, CRXD and NRXD), and the tiller biomass increased by 20.29%, 12.83% and 11.34%, respectively; The stem and tiller biomass of BRXD increased significantly at each stage; In terms of yield and its components, the number of panicles under rice duck shrimp model (BRXD, CRXD and NRXD) decreased, but the seed setting rate increased by an average of 7.97%, and BRXD and CRXD also promoted the increase of grain number per panicle, so BRXD and NRXD did not show yield reduction. The results showed that compared with the traditional rice monoculture, the rice duck duck shrimp model, especially BRXD and CRXD, could still achieve high yield under the premise of reducing fertilizer and pesticide inputs, indicating that the new rice shrimp duck farming model could promote the growth and yield formation of rice.
In order to achieve the goal of high yield, high quality and high efficiency under the ecological planting and breeding mode of rice field, four kinds of planting and breeding modes were set up, including rice duck shrimp field block mode (BRXD), rice duck shrimp unit feeding mode (CRXD), rice duck shrimp nomadic duck mode (NRXD) and rice shrimp mode (RX), with the traditional rice monoculture (CK) as the control, to explore the effects of different planting and breeding modes on rice growth and yield formation. The results showed that compared with CK mode, the population growth rate and tiller biomass at full heading stage were significantly increased under rice duck shrimp mode (BRXD, CRXD and NRXD), and the tiller biomass increased by 20.29%, 12.83% and 11.34%, respectively; The stem and tiller biomass of BRXD increased significantly at each stage; In terms of yield and its components, the number of panicles under rice duck shrimp model (BRXD, CRXD and NRXD) decreased, but the seed setting rate increased by an average of 7.97%, and BRXD and CRXD also promoted the increase of grain number per panicle, so BRXD and NRXD did not show yield reduction. The results showed that compared with the traditional rice monoculture, the rice duck duck shrimp model, especially BRXD and CRXD, could still achieve high yield under the premise of reducing fertilizer and pesticide inputs, indicating that the new rice shrimp duck farming model could promote the growth and yield formation of rice.
Abstract:
Among colored rice, black rice has attracted much attention due to its sensory characteristics, high nutritional value, and health benefits. However, the yield and quality of black rice are more susceptible to environmental and cultivation measures, resulting in unstable yield and low quality. This study conducted a two-year field experiment using four black rice varieties, namely Heishuai, Zhongke Heinuo 1, Xianghei 9355, and Huamoxiang 5, as experimental materials to investigate the effects of conventional sowing date and appropriate late sowing (May 16th and May 31st) on black rice yield, filling degree, nutritional quality, cooking and taste quality, and processing quality. The results showed that under normal climatic conditions (2021), delaying the sowing date increased the grain filling and plumpness of black rice, thereby increasing the yield of black rice; Under the condition of delayed sowing, the peak viscosity and disintegration value of rice from four black rice varieties increased by an average of 17.27% and 27.59%, while the reduction value decreased. However, the average hardness of rice increased by 4.09%, and the recovery and viscosity decreased; However, delaying the sowing date resulted in an average decrease of 14.31% and 10.02% in anthocyanin and protein content of black rice, and a decline in nutritional quality. Overall, delaying the sowing date not only increases yield and grain filling, but also improves the taste quality of rice, but also reduces the nutritional quality of black rice. Therefore, selecting a suitable sowing date is beneficial for achieving a synergistic improvement in the yield and quality of black rice.
Among colored rice, black rice has attracted much attention due to its sensory characteristics, high nutritional value, and health benefits. However, the yield and quality of black rice are more susceptible to environmental and cultivation measures, resulting in unstable yield and low quality. This study conducted a two-year field experiment using four black rice varieties, namely Heishuai, Zhongke Heinuo 1, Xianghei 9355, and Huamoxiang 5, as experimental materials to investigate the effects of conventional sowing date and appropriate late sowing (May 16th and May 31st) on black rice yield, filling degree, nutritional quality, cooking and taste quality, and processing quality. The results showed that under normal climatic conditions (2021), delaying the sowing date increased the grain filling and plumpness of black rice, thereby increasing the yield of black rice; Under the condition of delayed sowing, the peak viscosity and disintegration value of rice from four black rice varieties increased by an average of 17.27% and 27.59%, while the reduction value decreased. However, the average hardness of rice increased by 4.09%, and the recovery and viscosity decreased; However, delaying the sowing date resulted in an average decrease of 14.31% and 10.02% in anthocyanin and protein content of black rice, and a decline in nutritional quality. Overall, delaying the sowing date not only increases yield and grain filling, but also improves the taste quality of rice, but also reduces the nutritional quality of black rice. Therefore, selecting a suitable sowing date is beneficial for achieving a synergistic improvement in the yield and quality of black rice.
Abstract:
In order to explore the effects of adding black rice anthocyanins in the diet on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function and intestinal health of Procambarus clarkii, 450 Procambarus clarkii were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 shrimps per replicate. Two anthocyanin sources, black rice (BR group) and black rice extract (AC group), were supplemented with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively, and they were recorded as CON, BR200, BR400, AC200 and AC400. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results show that: The results showed as follows: adding 400 mg/kg black rice anthocyanin significantly increased the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and survival rate of shrimp (P<0.05), and significantly increased the activity levels of hepatopancreas immune-related enzymes PPO, AKP and ACP of shrimp (P<0.05). In terms of digestibility, adding 400 mg/kg black rice anthocyanin significantly increased intestinal amylase activity (P<0.05), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The intestinal trypsin activity of anthocyanin treatment group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between BR400 and AC400 groups (P>0.05); Compared with control group, T-AOC activity level of hemolymph in anthocyanin treated group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). The activity levels of immune-related enzymes such as AKP and ACP in hemolymph and intestinal tract were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding black rice or black rice anthocyanin extract in the diet can effectively improve the growth, antioxidant, immune and digestive properties of Procambarus clarkii. The recommended supplemental level is 400 mg/kg.
In order to explore the effects of adding black rice anthocyanins in the diet on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function and intestinal health of Procambarus clarkii, 450 Procambarus clarkii were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 shrimps per replicate. Two anthocyanin sources, black rice (BR group) and black rice extract (AC group), were supplemented with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively, and they were recorded as CON, BR200, BR400, AC200 and AC400. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results show that: The results showed as follows: adding 400 mg/kg black rice anthocyanin significantly increased the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and survival rate of shrimp (P<0.05), and significantly increased the activity levels of hepatopancreas immune-related enzymes PPO, AKP and ACP of shrimp (P<0.05). In terms of digestibility, adding 400 mg/kg black rice anthocyanin significantly increased intestinal amylase activity (P<0.05), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The intestinal trypsin activity of anthocyanin treatment group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between BR400 and AC400 groups (P>0.05); Compared with control group, T-AOC activity level of hemolymph in anthocyanin treated group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). The activity levels of immune-related enzymes such as AKP and ACP in hemolymph and intestinal tract were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding black rice or black rice anthocyanin extract in the diet can effectively improve the growth, antioxidant, immune and digestive properties of Procambarus clarkii. The recommended supplemental level is 400 mg/kg.
zhangxinyue, suhaiying, lijiafan, yangzhengwu, yusongshen, tangpengjia, yangzhaowei, chenkeliang, fuzhouxi, caiwanlun, huahongxia
Abstract:
In order to developping a more efficient rice cocultivation model, a field experiment was carried out at the Jianli Base of Shuangshui and Shuanglu Research Institute of Huazhong Agricultural University in 2022. The occurrence of diseases, insects and weeds and the diversity of arthropods in the field were investigated under the rice monoculitivaiton(CK), rice-crayfish cultivation (RC) and two rice-duck-crayfish cultivations (HRDC，rice-dark-crayfish model with high frequency of dark locomotion；LRDC，with low frequency). The results showed that the inhibitory effect of ducks on non-gramineous weeds (Cyperus difformis and Alternanthera philoxeroides) was very significant (P<0.05), but not on grasses (Echinochloa crusgall and Leptochloa chinensis), and the inhibitory effect of HRDC on non-gramineous weeds was higher than that of LRDC. In addition, compared with CK and RC, two treatments with duck had a significant effect on inhibiting the damage of rice leaf roller borer and rice planthopper at tillering stage and booting stage (P<0.05), but did not show a significant control on rice stem borer. At booting stage, the diversity and evenness of plots treated by duck were significantly higher than those of CK treated with pesticide (P<0.05), and the diversity and evenness of HRDC were the highest, followed by the treatment of LRDC. In summary, duck farming in rice-crayfish cultivation fields is a feasible and effective environmental friendly control system in rice fields.
In order to developping a more efficient rice cocultivation model, a field experiment was carried out at the Jianli Base of Shuangshui and Shuanglu Research Institute of Huazhong Agricultural University in 2022. The occurrence of diseases, insects and weeds and the diversity of arthropods in the field were investigated under the rice monoculitivaiton(CK), rice-crayfish cultivation (RC) and two rice-duck-crayfish cultivations (HRDC，rice-dark-crayfish model with high frequency of dark locomotion；LRDC，with low frequency). The results showed that the inhibitory effect of ducks on non-gramineous weeds (Cyperus difformis and Alternanthera philoxeroides) was very significant (P<0.05), but not on grasses (Echinochloa crusgall and Leptochloa chinensis), and the inhibitory effect of HRDC on non-gramineous weeds was higher than that of LRDC. In addition, compared with CK and RC, two treatments with duck had a significant effect on inhibiting the damage of rice leaf roller borer and rice planthopper at tillering stage and booting stage (P<0.05), but did not show a significant control on rice stem borer. At booting stage, the diversity and evenness of plots treated by duck were significantly higher than those of CK treated with pesticide (P<0.05), and the diversity and evenness of HRDC were the highest, followed by the treatment of LRDC. In summary, duck farming in rice-crayfish cultivation fields is a feasible and effective environmental friendly control system in rice fields.
Abstract:
To address the issues of facial small target false detection and low detection accuracy caused by vibration and background occlusion for tractor drivers in complex agricultural environments, this study proposes a facial small target detection method for tractor drivers based on improved YOLOv7, termed YOLO-SOD. Firstly, in the neck network, the improved Spatial Pyramid Pooling module AS_SPPFCSPC is utilized to replace SPPCSPC, effectively aggregating low-frequency global information with high-frequency local information to enhance the accuracy of facial localization for drivers. Secondly, the Cross-Level Partial Network module VoVGSDCSP is employed to replace the E-ELAN module in the neck network, achieving higher computational efficiency. Finally, the 20 pixel × 20 pixel large target detection layer P5 is removed, and a new 160 pixel × 160 pixel small target detection layer P2 is added to enhance the feature extraction capability for small targets. Additionally, a new detection head SC_C_detect is introduced to improve the computational efficiency of the model. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm achieves a single-image detection time of 7.8 ms, with AP0.5 at 97.29% and AP0.5:0.95 at 69.45%. Compared to the baseline model, there is an improvement of 2.49 and 6.83 percentage points respectively. Compared to current mainstream object detection networks Faster-RCNN, YOLOv5l, and YOLOv8l, the AP0.5 is increased by 6.79, 3.99, and 0.59 percentage points respectively, with model sizes reduced by 106.003, 15.956, and 11.346M. The improved facial small target detection algorithm exhibits high detection accuracy and inference speed, providing technical support for fatigue monitoring and safety warning systems for tractor drivers. Keywords: tractor; driver; facial detection; small target detection; YOLOv7.
To address the issues of facial small target false detection and low detection accuracy caused by vibration and background occlusion for tractor drivers in complex agricultural environments, this study proposes a facial small target detection method for tractor drivers based on improved YOLOv7, termed YOLO-SOD. Firstly, in the neck network, the improved Spatial Pyramid Pooling module AS_SPPFCSPC is utilized to replace SPPCSPC, effectively aggregating low-frequency global information with high-frequency local information to enhance the accuracy of facial localization for drivers. Secondly, the Cross-Level Partial Network module VoVGSDCSP is employed to replace the E-ELAN module in the neck network, achieving higher computational efficiency. Finally, the 20 pixel × 20 pixel large target detection layer P5 is removed, and a new 160 pixel × 160 pixel small target detection layer P2 is added to enhance the feature extraction capability for small targets. Additionally, a new detection head SC_C_detect is introduced to improve the computational efficiency of the model. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm achieves a single-image detection time of 7.8 ms, with AP0.5 at 97.29% and AP0.5:0.95 at 69.45%. Compared to the baseline model, there is an improvement of 2.49 and 6.83 percentage points respectively. Compared to current mainstream object detection networks Faster-RCNN, YOLOv5l, and YOLOv8l, the AP0.5 is increased by 6.79, 3.99, and 0.59 percentage points respectively, with model sizes reduced by 106.003, 15.956, and 11.346M. The improved facial small target detection algorithm exhibits high detection accuracy and inference speed, providing technical support for fatigue monitoring and safety warning systems for tractor drivers. Keywords: tractor; driver; facial detection; small target detection; YOLOv7.
Abstract:
This study is based on field survey data from Hubei Province in 2023 and employs the SFA and SBM-DEA models to measure the technical efficiency and ecological efficiency of different rice-farming systems, aiming to explore the efficiency differences among them. The results indicate that: (1) Among the four rice-farming modes—single rice, “rice-shrimp”, “rice-duck”, and “rice-shrimp-duck”—the “rice-shrimp-duck” mode demonstrates the highest technical and ecological efficiency, with values of 0.760 and 0.545, respectively. In contrast, the technical efficiency of the “rice-duck” model and the ecological efficiency of the “rice-shrimp” model were the lowest, at 0.581 and 0.323, respectively. (2) Household head's gender, agricultural insurance, economic development level, extreme temperatures, and average rainfall have inhibited the improvement of technical efficiency, while household head age, agricultural subsidies, total household income, and drone usage contribute positively to technical efficiency. (3) The age of the household head and high-temperature heatwave indicators significantly improve ecological efficiency, while factors such as household head gender, total household population, total household income, drone usage, economic development level, extreme low temperatures, and drought negatively affect the improvement of ecological efficiency. (4) Compared to the single rice mode, the rice-shrimp mode's technical efficiency and ecological efficiency decrease significantly by 0.053 and 0.178, respectively, while the rice-shrimp-duck mode's technical efficiency is 0.163 higher than that of the single rice mode.
This study is based on field survey data from Hubei Province in 2023 and employs the SFA and SBM-DEA models to measure the technical efficiency and ecological efficiency of different rice-farming systems, aiming to explore the efficiency differences among them. The results indicate that: (1) Among the four rice-farming modes—single rice, “rice-shrimp”, “rice-duck”, and “rice-shrimp-duck”—the “rice-shrimp-duck” mode demonstrates the highest technical and ecological efficiency, with values of 0.760 and 0.545, respectively. In contrast, the technical efficiency of the “rice-duck” model and the ecological efficiency of the “rice-shrimp” model were the lowest, at 0.581 and 0.323, respectively. (2) Household head's gender, agricultural insurance, economic development level, extreme temperatures, and average rainfall have inhibited the improvement of technical efficiency, while household head age, agricultural subsidies, total household income, and drone usage contribute positively to technical efficiency. (3) The age of the household head and high-temperature heatwave indicators significantly improve ecological efficiency, while factors such as household head gender, total household population, total household income, drone usage, economic development level, extreme low temperatures, and drought negatively affect the improvement of ecological efficiency. (4) Compared to the single rice mode, the rice-shrimp mode's technical efficiency and ecological efficiency decrease significantly by 0.053 and 0.178, respectively, while the rice-shrimp-duck mode's technical efficiency is 0.163 higher than that of the single rice mode.
Abstract:
To solve the problems of strong subjectivity, long time-consumption and sample destructiveness of the existing umami intensity detection methods, deep learning and machine learning algorithms combined with hyperspectral imaging technology were used to establish a fast and nondestructive detection method for grass carp umami intensity. After collecting the hyperspectral data of grass carp, the spectral feature wavelengths were selected using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling method, and the Gaussian-weighted multi-head attention network (GMANet) was developed and support vector machine regression (SVR), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and other machine learning algorithms were used to establish and optimize the grass carp umami detection model. The results showed that the root mean square error of prediction and the coefficient of determination of prediction of GMANet network were 0.0082 and 0.8844, respectively, which were better than the optimal modeling method SVR in traditional machine learning, whose root mean square error of prediction and the coefficient of determination of prediction were 0.0077 and 0.8188, respectively. The study shows that hyperspectral technology has a large application prospect in the direction of umami intensity detection, and the GMANet network can make full use of the spatial image and spectral information of the samples, which provides a new method for the subsequent application of hyperspectral image detection.
To solve the problems of strong subjectivity, long time-consumption and sample destructiveness of the existing umami intensity detection methods, deep learning and machine learning algorithms combined with hyperspectral imaging technology were used to establish a fast and nondestructive detection method for grass carp umami intensity. After collecting the hyperspectral data of grass carp, the spectral feature wavelengths were selected using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling method, and the Gaussian-weighted multi-head attention network (GMANet) was developed and support vector machine regression (SVR), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and other machine learning algorithms were used to establish and optimize the grass carp umami detection model. The results showed that the root mean square error of prediction and the coefficient of determination of prediction of GMANet network were 0.0082 and 0.8844, respectively, which were better than the optimal modeling method SVR in traditional machine learning, whose root mean square error of prediction and the coefficient of determination of prediction were 0.0077 and 0.8188, respectively. The study shows that hyperspectral technology has a large application prospect in the direction of umami intensity detection, and the GMANet network can make full use of the spatial image and spectral information of the samples, which provides a new method for the subsequent application of hyperspectral image detection.
Abstract:
To enhance the acid soil improvement performance of vermicompost, this study developed two vermicompost-based acid soil conditioners, B+M+V and BMV, by incorporating high-alkalinity substances—oyster shell powder (M) and biochar (B) into vermicompost (V) through physical mixing and vermicomposting. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the application effects of B+M+V, BMV, and other amendments such as lime (L), oyster shell powder (M), biochar (B), and vermicompost (V). Results indicated that L and M had the most pronounced soil acid reduction effects, with soil pH increasing by 3.18 and 2.81 units, respectively, and soil aicd-base buffering capacity (pHBC) increasing by 196.81% and 236.97%, respectively. The acid reduction effects of the B+M+V and BMV conditioners were second best, with soil pH increasing by 1.35 and 1.49 units, and pHBC increasing by 124.97% and 104.07%, respectively. Applications of B and V showed limited effects on soil acid reduction. The application of V, B+M+V, and BMV significantly improved soil fertility. Specifically, soil organic matter increased by 197.53% and 222.51% with B+M+V and BMV applications, respectively. Additionally, soil available phosphorus, potassium content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly improved by B+M+V and BMV applications. The plant height and biomass of Shanghaiqing were significantly higher with B+M+V and BMV applications compared to L, M and B applications. Moreover, the accumulated absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by Shanghaiqing were significantly increased with B+M+V and BMV applications. Principal component analysis evaluation revealed that L and M excelled at soil acid reduction, V, B+M+V, and BMV were good at improving soil fertility, while B+M+V and BMV were effective in promoting plant growth. Overall, B+M+V and BMV demonstrated the best comprehensive effects on acid soil improvement. The above results indicated that the two types of vermicompost-based acid soil conditioners effectively combined the advantages of pure vermicompost in soil fertility improvement and the strong acid reduction capacity of high-alkalinity substances, and could play an excellent comprehensive role in acid soil improvement.
To enhance the acid soil improvement performance of vermicompost, this study developed two vermicompost-based acid soil conditioners, B+M+V and BMV, by incorporating high-alkalinity substances—oyster shell powder (M) and biochar (B) into vermicompost (V) through physical mixing and vermicomposting. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the application effects of B+M+V, BMV, and other amendments such as lime (L), oyster shell powder (M), biochar (B), and vermicompost (V). Results indicated that L and M had the most pronounced soil acid reduction effects, with soil pH increasing by 3.18 and 2.81 units, respectively, and soil aicd-base buffering capacity (pHBC) increasing by 196.81% and 236.97%, respectively. The acid reduction effects of the B+M+V and BMV conditioners were second best, with soil pH increasing by 1.35 and 1.49 units, and pHBC increasing by 124.97% and 104.07%, respectively. Applications of B and V showed limited effects on soil acid reduction. The application of V, B+M+V, and BMV significantly improved soil fertility. Specifically, soil organic matter increased by 197.53% and 222.51% with B+M+V and BMV applications, respectively. Additionally, soil available phosphorus, potassium content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly improved by B+M+V and BMV applications. The plant height and biomass of Shanghaiqing were significantly higher with B+M+V and BMV applications compared to L, M and B applications. Moreover, the accumulated absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by Shanghaiqing were significantly increased with B+M+V and BMV applications. Principal component analysis evaluation revealed that L and M excelled at soil acid reduction, V, B+M+V, and BMV were good at improving soil fertility, while B+M+V and BMV were effective in promoting plant growth. Overall, B+M+V and BMV demonstrated the best comprehensive effects on acid soil improvement. The above results indicated that the two types of vermicompost-based acid soil conditioners effectively combined the advantages of pure vermicompost in soil fertility improvement and the strong acid reduction capacity of high-alkalinity substances, and could play an excellent comprehensive role in acid soil improvement.
Abstract:
To investigate the differences in nutritional quality of the black rice variety ‘Huamoxiang 5’ under various cropping patterns and compare the advantages and disadvantages between different patterns, we conducted a comparative nutriomic analysis of rice harvested from multiple cropping systems, including monoculture, rice-shrimp coculture, and rice-shrimp-duck integrated farming etc. The study aimed to explore the effects of different cropping patterns on the nutritional composition of rice. The results indicated that the cropping pattern significantly influenced the nutritional quality of ‘Huamoxiang 5’. The nutritional value of whole-grain black rice of ‘Huamoxiang 5’ was significantly superior to that of the polished form. Compared to monoculture, the rice-shrimp-duck integrated farming pattern increased the oil content (P < 0.05) and the levels of B vitamins, soluble phenolic acids, oryzanol, and γ-aminobutyric acid in whole grain black rice, but it reduced the content of protein, starch, vitamin E, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and other substances. This study comprehensively measured the nutritional indicators of ‘Huamoxiang 5’ and demonstrated the differences in nutritional components among different cropping patterns, providing theoretical support for optimizing the rice-shrimp-duck integrated farming model.
To investigate the differences in nutritional quality of the black rice variety ‘Huamoxiang 5’ under various cropping patterns and compare the advantages and disadvantages between different patterns, we conducted a comparative nutriomic analysis of rice harvested from multiple cropping systems, including monoculture, rice-shrimp coculture, and rice-shrimp-duck integrated farming etc. The study aimed to explore the effects of different cropping patterns on the nutritional composition of rice. The results indicated that the cropping pattern significantly influenced the nutritional quality of ‘Huamoxiang 5’. The nutritional value of whole-grain black rice of ‘Huamoxiang 5’ was significantly superior to that of the polished form. Compared to monoculture, the rice-shrimp-duck integrated farming pattern increased the oil content (P < 0.05) and the levels of B vitamins, soluble phenolic acids, oryzanol, and γ-aminobutyric acid in whole grain black rice, but it reduced the content of protein, starch, vitamin E, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and other substances. This study comprehensively measured the nutritional indicators of ‘Huamoxiang 5’ and demonstrated the differences in nutritional components among different cropping patterns, providing theoretical support for optimizing the rice-shrimp-duck integrated farming model.
Abstract:
In response to the low level of informatization and time-consuming manual measurement of mushroom phenotype, this paper proposes a U-Net mushroom phenotype extraction method. This method collects cross-sectional images of shiitake mushrooms, establishes a dataset, and achieves segmentation of shiitake mushroom caps, stems, and left and right gills based on U-Net. The average intersection to union ratio and average pixel accuracy of the model are 85.00% and 91.25%, respectively. The automatic measurement of five phenotypic parameters of shiitake mushrooms, including cap diameter, cap thickness, stem length, stem diameter, and gill width, was achieved by combining the centroid method and the minimum bounding rectangle method. Compared with manual measurements, the method proposed in this article has average absolute percentage errors of 1.57%, 5.01%, 2.57%, 5.47%, and 2.74% in measuring cap diameter, cap thickness, stem length, stem diameter, and gill width, respectively; The root mean square errors are 0.12cm,
In response to the low level of informatization and time-consuming manual measurement of mushroom phenotype, this paper proposes a U-Net mushroom phenotype extraction method. This method collects cross-sectional images of shiitake mushrooms, establishes a dataset, and achieves segmentation of shiitake mushroom caps, stems, and left and right gills based on U-Net. The average intersection to union ratio and average pixel accuracy of the model are 85.00% and 91.25%, respectively. The automatic measurement of five phenotypic parameters of shiitake mushrooms, including cap diameter, cap thickness, stem length, stem diameter, and gill width, was achieved by combining the centroid method and the minimum bounding rectangle method. Compared with manual measurements, the method proposed in this article has average absolute percentage errors of 1.57%, 5.01%, 2.57%, 5.47%, and 2.74% in measuring cap diameter, cap thickness, stem length, stem diameter, and gill width, respectively; The root mean square errors are 0.12cm,
Abstract:
To investigate the effect of in the “rice-duck-crayfish” model(CDR) on soil fertility in paddy fields, the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soils were compared between CDR and the rice monoculture model(RM) by using field experiments and sampling tests and analysis after rice harvesting in 2022-2023. The soil fertility of the two models was comprehensively evaluated by combining the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the simple linear scoring method. The results showed that soil microbial biomass nitrogen significantly decreased by 53.27% after 2 years of CDR; the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium and microbial biomass carbon showed an increasing trend, and the soil pH, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase declined, but none of them showed a significant difference. Compared with RM, except for the microbial biomass nitrogen, other indicators showed different degrees of reduction. From the perspective of soil fertility, there was no significant difference between CDR and RM under 2-year planting and rearing conditions, but the soil fertility index of the paddy field in CDR showed an increasing trend, with an increase of 7.94%, while the soil fertility index decreased in RM, and the soil fertility index of CDR was 3.03% higher than that of RM in 2023. Therefore, there was no significant change in the soil fertility of paddy fields under CDR in two years.
To investigate the effect of in the “rice-duck-crayfish” model(CDR) on soil fertility in paddy fields, the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soils were compared between CDR and the rice monoculture model(RM) by using field experiments and sampling tests and analysis after rice harvesting in 2022-2023. The soil fertility of the two models was comprehensively evaluated by combining the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the simple linear scoring method. The results showed that soil microbial biomass nitrogen significantly decreased by 53.27% after 2 years of CDR; the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium and microbial biomass carbon showed an increasing trend, and the soil pH, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase declined, but none of them showed a significant difference. Compared with RM, except for the microbial biomass nitrogen, other indicators showed different degrees of reduction. From the perspective of soil fertility, there was no significant difference between CDR and RM under 2-year planting and rearing conditions, but the soil fertility index of the paddy field in CDR showed an increasing trend, with an increase of 7.94%, while the soil fertility index decreased in RM, and the soil fertility index of CDR was 3.03% higher than that of RM in 2023. Therefore, there was no significant change in the soil fertility of paddy fields under CDR in two years.
Abstract:
Clarifying the types of viruses in different edible mushrooms during production is the foundation for preventing and controlling fungal virus disease in edible mushrooms. High throughput sequencing technology was used to detect fungal viruses in 53 strains of Pleurotus spp., 10 strains of Ganoderma spp., 17 strains of Flammulina filiformis, and 12 strains of Coprinus comatus. PCR amplification and sequence analysis were performed on newly discovered potential new viruses, and phylogenetic tree analyses were conducted based on sequence comparison. BLASTx sequence alignment results showed that a total of 51 contigs were annotated as 41 viruses detected from 92 strains of four types of edible mushrooms. A total of 13 possible novel viruses were identified through RT-PCR amplification and sequence analysis, including 7 species found in Pleurotus spp., 3 species in Coprinus comatus, 1 species in Flammulina filiformis, and 2 species in Ganoderma spp.. These viruses belong to the +ssRNA viruses, -ssRNA viruses, and dsRNA viruses, and are distributed in 8 viral families, including Barnaviridae, Botuoviridae, Deltaflexiviridae, Mymonaviridae, Partiviridae, Phenuiviridae、Phlegiviridae, and an unclassified member of the order Bunyavirales. In conclusion, there are relatively abundant fungal viruses in the four types of edible mushrooms, among which fungal virus was first discovered in Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma spp.. The discovery of these novel viruses provides a certain reference for further research, prevention, and control of edible mushroom viral diseases.
Clarifying the types of viruses in different edible mushrooms during production is the foundation for preventing and controlling fungal virus disease in edible mushrooms. High throughput sequencing technology was used to detect fungal viruses in 53 strains of Pleurotus spp., 10 strains of Ganoderma spp., 17 strains of Flammulina filiformis, and 12 strains of Coprinus comatus. PCR amplification and sequence analysis were performed on newly discovered potential new viruses, and phylogenetic tree analyses were conducted based on sequence comparison. BLASTx sequence alignment results showed that a total of 51 contigs were annotated as 41 viruses detected from 92 strains of four types of edible mushrooms. A total of 13 possible novel viruses were identified through RT-PCR amplification and sequence analysis, including 7 species found in Pleurotus spp., 3 species in Coprinus comatus, 1 species in Flammulina filiformis, and 2 species in Ganoderma spp.. These viruses belong to the +ssRNA viruses, -ssRNA viruses, and dsRNA viruses, and are distributed in 8 viral families, including Barnaviridae, Botuoviridae, Deltaflexiviridae, Mymonaviridae, Partiviridae, Phenuiviridae、Phlegiviridae, and an unclassified member of the order Bunyavirales. In conclusion, there are relatively abundant fungal viruses in the four types of edible mushrooms, among which fungal virus was first discovered in Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma spp.. The discovery of these novel viruses provides a certain reference for further research, prevention, and control of edible mushroom viral diseases.
Abstract:
In order to construct a prediction model with high prediction accuracy and strong generalization ability for hydrothermal biofuel hydrogen-rich content, and to deeply explore the laws and mechanisms of hydrothermal conversion of biomass, this paper, based on 243 groups of experimental data collected in the literature for hydrothermal preparation of hydrogen-rich biofuel from high-moisture, high-fat wastes such as diseased and dead livestock and poultry, algae, etc., and adopting two types of high-fitness machine learning algorithms, namely, Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Enhancement Tree, establishes a high-precision and wide-area hydrothermal Based on the mathematical prediction model, the contribution of hydrothermal oil formation conditions, the local dependence response behavior and its mutual coupling law were analyzed by using SHAP interpretable technology and local dependence analysis method. The results showed that: the lipid content and hydrogen content in the high-moisture, high-fat waste were the determining factors for the preparation of hydrogen-rich biofuel, and they ranked the top two in terms of their contribution to the enrichment of hydrogen in the oil phase, which could significantly affect the accumulation of hydrogen in the oil phase; with the increase in the hydrogen content of the feedstock, the hydrogen content in the oil phase was enhanced, indicating that hydrogen-rich feedstock provided a convenient condition for the preparation of hydrogen-rich biofuel, with an enhancement effect of up to 4 wt%. And the higher heating value of the feedstock was the main inhibiting factor for the hydrogen-enriched behavior of biofuel, with an inhibiting effect of up to 4 wt%. In addition, from the interactions among the characterization categories, the coupling between elemental information, industrial information and biomass component information is strong, but the local coupling between feedstock properties and operating conditions is small.
In order to construct a prediction model with high prediction accuracy and strong generalization ability for hydrothermal biofuel hydrogen-rich content, and to deeply explore the laws and mechanisms of hydrothermal conversion of biomass, this paper, based on 243 groups of experimental data collected in the literature for hydrothermal preparation of hydrogen-rich biofuel from high-moisture, high-fat wastes such as diseased and dead livestock and poultry, algae, etc., and adopting two types of high-fitness machine learning algorithms, namely, Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Enhancement Tree, establishes a high-precision and wide-area hydrothermal Based on the mathematical prediction model, the contribution of hydrothermal oil formation conditions, the local dependence response behavior and its mutual coupling law were analyzed by using SHAP interpretable technology and local dependence analysis method. The results showed that: the lipid content and hydrogen content in the high-moisture, high-fat waste were the determining factors for the preparation of hydrogen-rich biofuel, and they ranked the top two in terms of their contribution to the enrichment of hydrogen in the oil phase, which could significantly affect the accumulation of hydrogen in the oil phase; with the increase in the hydrogen content of the feedstock, the hydrogen content in the oil phase was enhanced, indicating that hydrogen-rich feedstock provided a convenient condition for the preparation of hydrogen-rich biofuel, with an enhancement effect of up to 4 wt%. And the higher heating value of the feedstock was the main inhibiting factor for the hydrogen-enriched behavior of biofuel, with an inhibiting effect of up to 4 wt%. In addition, from the interactions among the characterization categories, the coupling between elemental information, industrial information and biomass component information is strong, but the local coupling between feedstock properties and operating conditions is small.
Abstract:
For the low level of automation in the citrus pruning process, based on the Internet of Things and electro-hydraulic drivng architecture ,we designed a remote control system orchard pruning robot. The robot's control system mainly constitutes a hydraulic drive module, the control module, the correspondence module, the perception module, human-phone interaction module to complete the pruning robot's joints position monitoring and remote control, with the start-stop of the hydraulic motor to complete the fruit tree mechanical pruning tasks. We used modified Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) method to build the kinematic equation and through Matlab Robotic Toolbox, we verified the modeling of the kinematic model of the pruning robot, with Monte Carlo algorithm to visualize the theoretical workspace of the pruning mechanism. According to the different characteristics of joint movement, we selected specific sensors, controllers and hydraulic valves to design the application layer of the Internet of Things system. Based on the UART-WIFI moduel ESP8266,we established network layer of the Internet of Things system, which realizes the remote control correspondence of cell phone APP - cloud server - pruning robot. Based on the characteristics of easy to use and quick to start, we designed a human-machine interaction interface of cell phone APP, through which we can read the robot joints' positional status and send control commands to realize the robot's positional adjustment automatically. We designed a test at a open area for viewing the rapidity and accuracy of the machine prototype. The results of the test show all the positioning errors of the mobile joints are within ±0.5mm, the positioning error of each rotating joint is less than 2°and the control and adjustment time of each joint movement to the limit stroke is between 1.14s-9.21s, with good adjustment time..The experimental results show that this fruit tree pruner based on IoT architecture has a high degree of automation, a simpler mode of operation, and has a certain application value in the actual fruit tree rough pruning and profiling pruning.
For the low level of automation in the citrus pruning process, based on the Internet of Things and electro-hydraulic drivng architecture ,we designed a remote control system orchard pruning robot. The robot's control system mainly constitutes a hydraulic drive module, the control module, the correspondence module, the perception module, human-phone interaction module to complete the pruning robot's joints position monitoring and remote control, with the start-stop of the hydraulic motor to complete the fruit tree mechanical pruning tasks. We used modified Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) method to build the kinematic equation and through Matlab Robotic Toolbox, we verified the modeling of the kinematic model of the pruning robot, with Monte Carlo algorithm to visualize the theoretical workspace of the pruning mechanism. According to the different characteristics of joint movement, we selected specific sensors, controllers and hydraulic valves to design the application layer of the Internet of Things system. Based on the UART-WIFI moduel ESP8266,we established network layer of the Internet of Things system, which realizes the remote control correspondence of cell phone APP - cloud server - pruning robot. Based on the characteristics of easy to use and quick to start, we designed a human-machine interaction interface of cell phone APP, through which we can read the robot joints' positional status and send control commands to realize the robot's positional adjustment automatically. We designed a test at a open area for viewing the rapidity and accuracy of the machine prototype. The results of the test show all the positioning errors of the mobile joints are within ±0.5mm, the positioning error of each rotating joint is less than 2°and the control and adjustment time of each joint movement to the limit stroke is between 1.14s-9.21s, with good adjustment time..The experimental results show that this fruit tree pruner based on IoT architecture has a high degree of automation, a simpler mode of operation, and has a certain application value in the actual fruit tree rough pruning and profiling pruning.
Abstract:
In order to explore the influence of dryland conversion to paddy field (dryland-to-paddy) on soil aggregate in southern red soil area, traditional dryland (HS0), dryland conversion paddy field 1 year (HS1), dryland conversion paddy field 5 year (HS5) and local traditional paddy field (CK) were selected in typical dryland-to-paddy area of Guangxi, and dry and wet screening method were used to analyze the soil aggregate properties in the tillage layer. The results showed that the contents of soil aggregates >0.25 mm (R>0.25) in mechanical aggregates and water-stable aggregates under HS0, HS1, HS5 and CK treatments were 90.0%, 94%, 95.8%, 98.1% and 81.0%, 70.6%, 76.0% and 95.4%, respectively; the mean weight diameter (MWD) was 3.35, 3.63, 3.69, 4.73 and 2.25, 0.94, 1.54, 4.63, respectively. Compared with HS0, the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the water-stable aggregates treated with HS1 decreased by 68%. Compared with HS0, the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) of > 0.25mm aggregate increased first and then decreased with the years of dryling-to-paddy field, HS1 and HS5 increased by 61% and 34%, respectively, while CK significantly decreased by 76%. The results of structural equation model and random forest analysis showed that soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and total nitrogen (TN) were important factors affecting soil aggregate stability in dryland-to-paddy field.
In order to explore the influence of dryland conversion to paddy field (dryland-to-paddy) on soil aggregate in southern red soil area, traditional dryland (HS0), dryland conversion paddy field 1 year (HS1), dryland conversion paddy field 5 year (HS5) and local traditional paddy field (CK) were selected in typical dryland-to-paddy area of Guangxi, and dry and wet screening method were used to analyze the soil aggregate properties in the tillage layer. The results showed that the contents of soil aggregates >0.25 mm (R>0.25) in mechanical aggregates and water-stable aggregates under HS0, HS1, HS5 and CK treatments were 90.0%, 94%, 95.8%, 98.1% and 81.0%, 70.6%, 76.0% and 95.4%, respectively; the mean weight diameter (MWD) was 3.35, 3.63, 3.69, 4.73 and 2.25, 0.94, 1.54, 4.63, respectively. Compared with HS0, the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the water-stable aggregates treated with HS1 decreased by 68%. Compared with HS0, the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) of > 0.25mm aggregate increased first and then decreased with the years of dryling-to-paddy field, HS1 and HS5 increased by 61% and 34%, respectively, while CK significantly decreased by 76%. The results of structural equation model and random forest analysis showed that soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and total nitrogen (TN) were important factors affecting soil aggregate stability in dryland-to-paddy field.
Abstract:
To investigate the influence of low frequency electric field with different intensities on the quality change and moisture migration of superchilled tilapia meat during storage. Low frequency electric fields with intensities of 600 V/m, 1500 V/m, and 3000 V/m were selected as test conditions. Indicators such as drip loss rate, water holding capacity, hardness, color, TVB-N content, and water migration of superchilled tilapia meat were measured during storage. The results showed that low frequency electric field could effectively suppress drip loss rate, maintain water holding capacity, with greater intensity resulting in more significant effects. From the fourth day, drip loss rate of samples treated with 3000 V/m electric field was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05), and water holding capacity was significantly higher (P<0.05). Meanwhile, low frequency electric field could inhibit color deterioration, hardness decrease, TVB-N content increase, extend the shelf life; By the sixteenth day, the increase in TVB-N content of control group was about 1.6~3.0 times higher than that of electric field groups. According to low field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, as storage time increases, the water in tilapia meat migrated from immobilized water to free water, while low frequency electric field could suppress water migration, and the higher electric field intensity, the more significant effect. The above results indicated that low frequency electric field with electric field intensity of 3000 V/m had the best effect on maintaining the quality of superchilled tilapia meat.
To investigate the influence of low frequency electric field with different intensities on the quality change and moisture migration of superchilled tilapia meat during storage. Low frequency electric fields with intensities of 600 V/m, 1500 V/m, and 3000 V/m were selected as test conditions. Indicators such as drip loss rate, water holding capacity, hardness, color, TVB-N content, and water migration of superchilled tilapia meat were measured during storage. The results showed that low frequency electric field could effectively suppress drip loss rate, maintain water holding capacity, with greater intensity resulting in more significant effects. From the fourth day, drip loss rate of samples treated with 3000 V/m electric field was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05), and water holding capacity was significantly higher (P<0.05). Meanwhile, low frequency electric field could inhibit color deterioration, hardness decrease, TVB-N content increase, extend the shelf life; By the sixteenth day, the increase in TVB-N content of control group was about 1.6~3.0 times higher than that of electric field groups. According to low field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, as storage time increases, the water in tilapia meat migrated from immobilized water to free water, while low frequency electric field could suppress water migration, and the higher electric field intensity, the more significant effect. The above results indicated that low frequency electric field with electric field intensity of 3000 V/m had the best effect on maintaining the quality of superchilled tilapia meat.
Abstract:
In order to rapidly and accurately obtain crop growth information such as plant height and volume in the field environment, this paper takes peanuts as the research object and adopts 3D LiDAR perception technology to obtain peanut point cloud data in the field. After registration, denoising, and other processing, a three-dimensional point cloud model is constructed. The point cloud plant segmentation method based on KD-TREE is used to segment individual peanut plants from the point cloud data. The convex hull algorithm is used to estimate plant volume, and the rotating caliper method is utilized to extract plant height and maximum canopy width, thereby obtaining peanut growth information. Point cloud data of peanut plants at three different growth stages were collected in a peanut planting experimental area. The proposed method was used to carry out verification tests for individual peanut plant segmentation and extraction of plant height and maximum canopy width. The accuracy of growth information acquisition was investigated, and recall and precision rates were used to evaluate the results. Experimental results showed that the recall and precision rates of individual peanut plant segmentation in the field could reach over 85%, indicating that the proposed method has good accuracy and completeness for segmenting peanut point cloud data in the field. The extracted parameters such as peanut plant height and maximum canopy width were compared with manual measurements. The average absolute percentage errors of plant height in the three different growth stages were 6.2705%, 4.3675%, and 4.9859%, respectively, and the maximum canopy widths were 7.1140%, 5.6063%, and 4.5410%, respectively. The root mean square errors of plant height were 0.0096m, 0.0152m, and 0.0271m, respectively, and the root mean square errors of the maximum canopy width were 0.0110m, 0.0201m, and 0.0203m, respectively. The linear regression determination coefficients of plant height data were 0.88797, 0.95101, and 0.84183, respectively, and the linear regression determination coefficients of maximum canopy width data were 0.93431, 0.93179, and 0.92717, respectively. These results verify the accuracy and feasibility of using point clouds to measure peanut growth data, enabling high-precision, non-destructive extraction of peanut phenotypic parameters. The research results provide important technical support for peanut cultivation and breeding.
In order to rapidly and accurately obtain crop growth information such as plant height and volume in the field environment, this paper takes peanuts as the research object and adopts 3D LiDAR perception technology to obtain peanut point cloud data in the field. After registration, denoising, and other processing, a three-dimensional point cloud model is constructed. The point cloud plant segmentation method based on KD-TREE is used to segment individual peanut plants from the point cloud data. The convex hull algorithm is used to estimate plant volume, and the rotating caliper method is utilized to extract plant height and maximum canopy width, thereby obtaining peanut growth information. Point cloud data of peanut plants at three different growth stages were collected in a peanut planting experimental area. The proposed method was used to carry out verification tests for individual peanut plant segmentation and extraction of plant height and maximum canopy width. The accuracy of growth information acquisition was investigated, and recall and precision rates were used to evaluate the results. Experimental results showed that the recall and precision rates of individual peanut plant segmentation in the field could reach over 85%, indicating that the proposed method has good accuracy and completeness for segmenting peanut point cloud data in the field. The extracted parameters such as peanut plant height and maximum canopy width were compared with manual measurements. The average absolute percentage errors of plant height in the three different growth stages were 6.2705%, 4.3675%, and 4.9859%, respectively, and the maximum canopy widths were 7.1140%, 5.6063%, and 4.5410%, respectively. The root mean square errors of plant height were 0.0096m, 0.0152m, and 0.0271m, respectively, and the root mean square errors of the maximum canopy width were 0.0110m, 0.0201m, and 0.0203m, respectively. The linear regression determination coefficients of plant height data were 0.88797, 0.95101, and 0.84183, respectively, and the linear regression determination coefficients of maximum canopy width data were 0.93431, 0.93179, and 0.92717, respectively. These results verify the accuracy and feasibility of using point clouds to measure peanut growth data, enabling high-precision, non-destructive extraction of peanut phenotypic parameters. The research results provide important technical support for peanut cultivation and breeding.
Display Method:
Abstract:
Effects of soaking temperature,cultivation temperature and watering frequency on the growth characteristics and nutrition of mung bean sprout were investigated. Growth characteristics and nutrition of mung bean sprout were significantly affected by soaking temperature,cultivation temperature and watering frequency (P<0.05). When the bean was soaked at higher temperature (40℃),body weight of the cultivated mung bean sprout was heavier,hypocotyl was longer,contents of free amino acid (FAA),water soluble sugar (WSS) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were higher. The hypocotyl was longer while the diameter was smaller when the bean was cultivated in the relatively higher temperature (30-35℃). When the watering frequency decreased,weight,hypocotyl length and diameter decreased,WSS content decreased first and then increased,FAA content increased first and then decreased,GABA content was fluctuated. The optimal germination conditions of mung bean sprout were soaking bean at 40℃ for 5 h,with cultivation temperature of 25-30℃ and watering once per hour.
Effects of soaking temperature,cultivation temperature and watering frequency on the growth characteristics and nutrition of mung bean sprout were investigated. Growth characteristics and nutrition of mung bean sprout were significantly affected by soaking temperature,cultivation temperature and watering frequency (P<0.05). When the bean was soaked at higher temperature (40℃),body weight of the cultivated mung bean sprout was heavier,hypocotyl was longer,contents of free amino acid (FAA),water soluble sugar (WSS) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were higher. The hypocotyl was longer while the diameter was smaller when the bean was cultivated in the relatively higher temperature (30-35℃). When the watering frequency decreased,weight,hypocotyl length and diameter decreased,WSS content decreased first and then increased,FAA content increased first and then decreased,GABA content was fluctuated. The optimal germination conditions of mung bean sprout were soaking bean at 40℃ for 5 h,with cultivation temperature of 25-30℃ and watering once per hour.
Abstract:
In this study,we investigated the effect of bio-floating bed on growth and muscle quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) in ponds.Two modes of culture ponds were chosen:one equipped with bio-floating bed was the experimental pond,and the other without beds was the control pond.At the end of the experiment,we measured the growth parameters,the muscle conventional nutrients,water holding capacity (WHC),and texture characteristics using biochemical and physical methods.The results showed that the final weight of fish cultured in the experimental pond was higher than that in the control pond.The hepatic somatic index of grass carp (1.77%) in the experimental pond was significantly lower than that of the control (2.47%).The condition factors of grass carp and blunt snout bream (1.73 and 2.56,respectively) were significantly higher than those of the control (1.64 and 2.40,respectively).There was no significant difference in the eviscerated weight of both carp and bream between the experimental (91.06 and 88.28,respectively) and the control (89.22 and 88.49,respectively) ponds.The drop loss (14.49% and 10.69,respectively) and water loss rate (17.52% and 10.34%,respectively) of the experimental grass carp and blunt snout bream were significantly lower than those of the control.The cooked rate of the experimental fish was significantly higher than the control.The muscle crude fat content (1.89%) and crude protein content (14.60%) of grass carp in the experimental ponds were significantly higher than those of the control (1.54% and 13.46%),whereas muscle water content (81.68%) of the experimental fish was significantly lower than that (82.65%) of the control.There is no significant difference in muscle ash content between the two groups.Unlike grass carp,only muscle crude protein content (17.23%) of the experimental bream was significantly higher than that (15.90%) of the control.The muscular hardness,gumminess,and chewiness of the experimental carp (5 298.10 g,2 450.78 g and 770.78 g,respectively) were significantly higher than those of the control (3 226.79 g,1 881.43 g and 602.80 g,respectively).The resilience (0.31) and cohesion (0.48) of experimental carp were significantly lower than those (0.43 and 0.58,respectively) of the control.However,only the muscular springiness of the blunt snout bream in the experimental pond was significantly higher than that in the control pond.
In this study,we investigated the effect of bio-floating bed on growth and muscle quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) in ponds.Two modes of culture ponds were chosen:one equipped with bio-floating bed was the experimental pond,and the other without beds was the control pond.At the end of the experiment,we measured the growth parameters,the muscle conventional nutrients,water holding capacity (WHC),and texture characteristics using biochemical and physical methods.The results showed that the final weight of fish cultured in the experimental pond was higher than that in the control pond.The hepatic somatic index of grass carp (1.77%) in the experimental pond was significantly lower than that of the control (2.47%).The condition factors of grass carp and blunt snout bream (1.73 and 2.56,respectively) were significantly higher than those of the control (1.64 and 2.40,respectively).There was no significant difference in the eviscerated weight of both carp and bream between the experimental (91.06 and 88.28,respectively) and the control (89.22 and 88.49,respectively) ponds.The drop loss (14.49% and 10.69,respectively) and water loss rate (17.52% and 10.34%,respectively) of the experimental grass carp and blunt snout bream were significantly lower than those of the control.The cooked rate of the experimental fish was significantly higher than the control.The muscle crude fat content (1.89%) and crude protein content (14.60%) of grass carp in the experimental ponds were significantly higher than those of the control (1.54% and 13.46%),whereas muscle water content (81.68%) of the experimental fish was significantly lower than that (82.65%) of the control.There is no significant difference in muscle ash content between the two groups.Unlike grass carp,only muscle crude protein content (17.23%) of the experimental bream was significantly higher than that (15.90%) of the control.The muscular hardness,gumminess,and chewiness of the experimental carp (5 298.10 g,2 450.78 g and 770.78 g,respectively) were significantly higher than those of the control (3 226.79 g,1 881.43 g and 602.80 g,respectively).The resilience (0.31) and cohesion (0.48) of experimental carp were significantly lower than those (0.43 and 0.58,respectively) of the control.However,only the muscular springiness of the blunt snout bream in the experimental pond was significantly higher than that in the control pond.
2013,32(4):48-54, DOI: 1000-2421（2013）04-0048-07
Abstract:
The spatial distribution of Valley County land use degree in 2009 was studied and the spatial autocorrelation of land use degree and its driving factors in different scales were analyzed.A spatial autoregressive model and geographically weighted regression model was established from the perspective of global local.The results showed that there was a certain spatial autocorrelation in land use degree and its driving factors with scale effect.Spatial regression model could estimate the overall parameter of various factors while geographically weighted regression model could give the local parameter of various factors.Scales of geographical weighted regression model could reflect the detailed geographical information to some extent.
The spatial distribution of Valley County land use degree in 2009 was studied and the spatial autocorrelation of land use degree and its driving factors in different scales were analyzed.A spatial autoregressive model and geographically weighted regression model was established from the perspective of global local.The results showed that there was a certain spatial autocorrelation in land use degree and its driving factors with scale effect.Spatial regression model could estimate the overall parameter of various factors while geographically weighted regression model could give the local parameter of various factors.Scales of geographical weighted regression model could reflect the detailed geographical information to some extent.
Abstract:
pCB302-3 is a plant mini-binary stable transformation vector.To investigate the transient expression of pCB302-3 vector in plant,GFP was inserted into pCB302-3 vector as a reporter gene,and various factors including density of Agrobacterium cell,supplementation of gene silencing suppression p19 and days post infiltration were optimized based on agroinfiltration method in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Results showed that high levels of GFP expression were observed in N.benthamiana leaves 3-5 d after infiltration by Agrobacterium cell suspension contained pCB302-3-GFP with an optical density （D600） of 0.8-1.0 co-infiltrated with p19 gene.
pCB302-3 is a plant mini-binary stable transformation vector.To investigate the transient expression of pCB302-3 vector in plant,GFP was inserted into pCB302-3 vector as a reporter gene,and various factors including density of Agrobacterium cell,supplementation of gene silencing suppression p19 and days post infiltration were optimized based on agroinfiltration method in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Results showed that high levels of GFP expression were observed in N.benthamiana leaves 3-5 d after infiltration by Agrobacterium cell suspension contained pCB302-3-GFP with an optical density （D600） of 0.8-1.0 co-infiltrated with p19 gene.
2012,31(1):16-22, DOI: 1000-2421（2012）01-0016-07
Abstract:
Nitrogen is one of essential nutrients for plant growth.Under the N deficiency at different time points，the dynamic changes of the expression of genes and activity of enzymes related to nitrogen assimilation in rice were investigated.The results showed that the concentrations of ammonium and nitrate significantly reduced under the N deficiency.Under the N deficiency for a short time，the expression level of genes including NR1, NR2, NiR2,GS2,Fd-GOGAT,GDH2,GDH3 in the shoots as well as NR1,NR2,GDH4 in the roots were up-regulated,and then their expression level decreased after a long time under the N deficiency.Along with the extension of time under the N deficiency,the GS,Fd-GOGAT activities in whole plants,NR activity in shoots and NADH-GOGAT activity in roots decreased while the NADPH-GDH activity in shoots increased.In roots the activities of NR,GDH increased at first and then decreased，while in shoots the NiR activity was just the opposite.Re-supplied N after 7 days of N deficiency,the transcriptional expression level and enzyme activities of NR,NiR,GS,GOGAT,GDH restored,and expression level of some genes increased as well.
Nitrogen is one of essential nutrients for plant growth.Under the N deficiency at different time points，the dynamic changes of the expression of genes and activity of enzymes related to nitrogen assimilation in rice were investigated.The results showed that the concentrations of ammonium and nitrate significantly reduced under the N deficiency.Under the N deficiency for a short time，the expression level of genes including NR1, NR2, NiR2,GS2,Fd-GOGAT,GDH2,GDH3 in the shoots as well as NR1,NR2,GDH4 in the roots were up-regulated,and then their expression level decreased after a long time under the N deficiency.Along with the extension of time under the N deficiency,the GS,Fd-GOGAT activities in whole plants,NR activity in shoots and NADH-GOGAT activity in roots decreased while the NADPH-GDH activity in shoots increased.In roots the activities of NR,GDH increased at first and then decreased，while in shoots the NiR activity was just the opposite.Re-supplied N after 7 days of N deficiency,the transcriptional expression level and enzyme activities of NR,NiR,GS,GOGAT,GDH restored,and expression level of some genes increased as well.
Abstract:
The development of Golden Rice to date has taken longer than anticipated.It has been proven to have the potential to assist in the alleviation of an important public health problem,vitamin A deficiency,affecting millions.Complying with the highly precautionary,and now proven unnecessary,UN Cartagena Protocol for Biosafety has impeded scientific progress and scientific collaboration,particularly by delaying the selection of phenotypes grown in the open field.So far therefore,Golden Rice has not been able to assist in combatting vitamin A deficiency,identified by the UN as an important public health target for 25 years,and which continues to cause preventable deaths and blindness.However,the inventor’s original vision of the donation of the technology to assist the resource poor who want to benefit from it remains firm and achievable,subject to continuing philanthropic and public sector funding.
The development of Golden Rice to date has taken longer than anticipated.It has been proven to have the potential to assist in the alleviation of an important public health problem,vitamin A deficiency,affecting millions.Complying with the highly precautionary,and now proven unnecessary,UN Cartagena Protocol for Biosafety has impeded scientific progress and scientific collaboration,particularly by delaying the selection of phenotypes grown in the open field.So far therefore,Golden Rice has not been able to assist in combatting vitamin A deficiency,identified by the UN as an important public health target for 25 years,and which continues to cause preventable deaths and blindness.However,the inventor’s original vision of the donation of the technology to assist the resource poor who want to benefit from it remains firm and achievable,subject to continuing philanthropic and public sector funding.
Abstract:
Twenty-two fungi with whole genome sequence published and the antiSMASH database were used to classify and annotate the gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of plant pathogenic fungi with different nutritional types in order to clarify the role of secondary metabolites of plant pathogenic fungi with different nutritional types in infecting plants and the differences in gene clusters. The results showed that the type and number of gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of hemi-biotrophs and necrotrophs fungi were higher than that of biotrophs fungi. The results of further analyzing the gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase,polyketide synthase and terpene showed that the number of NRPS gene clusters,PKS gene clusters and terpene gene clusters in hemi-biotrophs and necrotrophs pathogenic fungi were higher than that in biotrophs pathogenic fungi as well. It will provide an important theoretical basis for further analyzing the function of the gene cluster of synthesizing secondary metabolites of different trophic types of fungi and identifying new drug targets. Analyzing the gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites in fungi and clarifying the differences in gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of different nutrition types of fungi is conducive to the better development of medicaments for preventing and controlling novel action targets of plant diseases.
Twenty-two fungi with whole genome sequence published and the antiSMASH database were used to classify and annotate the gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of plant pathogenic fungi with different nutritional types in order to clarify the role of secondary metabolites of plant pathogenic fungi with different nutritional types in infecting plants and the differences in gene clusters. The results showed that the type and number of gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of hemi-biotrophs and necrotrophs fungi were higher than that of biotrophs fungi. The results of further analyzing the gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase,polyketide synthase and terpene showed that the number of NRPS gene clusters,PKS gene clusters and terpene gene clusters in hemi-biotrophs and necrotrophs pathogenic fungi were higher than that in biotrophs pathogenic fungi as well. It will provide an important theoretical basis for further analyzing the function of the gene cluster of synthesizing secondary metabolites of different trophic types of fungi and identifying new drug targets. Analyzing the gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites in fungi and clarifying the differences in gene clusters of synthesizing secondary metabolites of different nutrition types of fungi is conducive to the better development of medicaments for preventing and controlling novel action targets of plant diseases.
2014,33(2):139-144, DOI: 1000-2421（2014）02-0139-06
Abstract:
Algae are lower photosynthetic autotrophs which have close relationship with agricultural activities.With the deep understanding of physiological and ecological characteristics,algae have used more and more widelyin the practice of agricultural activities.This paper reviews the application of algaeas a resourcein agricultural activities including improvement of agricultural environment,utilized as food or food additives and health care products,as well as feed or bait.
Algae are lower photosynthetic autotrophs which have close relationship with agricultural activities.With the deep understanding of physiological and ecological characteristics,algae have used more and more widelyin the practice of agricultural activities.This paper reviews the application of algaeas a resourcein agricultural activities including improvement of agricultural environment,utilized as food or food additives and health care products,as well as feed or bait.
2013,32(5):124-133, DOI: 1000-2421（2013）05-0124-10
Abstract:
Bacterial canker is a devastating disease of kiwifruit. In recent years,the disease is showing a tendency to outbreak in such countries as Italy and New Zealand,where kiwifruit is a major crop,and has the trends to further spread worldwide,which will be a serious threat to the development of the kiwifruit industry. Based on the latest research reports, this paper summarized the symptoms,pathogen identification,rapid detection methods,virulence differences,infected mechanism,epidemiology and control technology of the disease. Meanwhile,the future research prospect of kiwifruit bacterial canker was also discussed in order to reduce the loss and risk of the kiwifruit industry.
Bacterial canker is a devastating disease of kiwifruit. In recent years,the disease is showing a tendency to outbreak in such countries as Italy and New Zealand,where kiwifruit is a major crop,and has the trends to further spread worldwide,which will be a serious threat to the development of the kiwifruit industry. Based on the latest research reports, this paper summarized the symptoms,pathogen identification,rapid detection methods,virulence differences,infected mechanism,epidemiology and control technology of the disease. Meanwhile,the future research prospect of kiwifruit bacterial canker was also discussed in order to reduce the loss and risk of the kiwifruit industry.
Abstract:
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint to agricultural productivity.It is a complex network for plant adaptation to salt stress,and it is still a great challenge to improve crop salt tolerance.Mechanisms of SOS signal transduction pathway on Na+ exclusion and compartmentation,the regulation of microRNA and transcription factors involved in salt stress were reviewed.It will provide a fundamental understanding and knowledge for studying salt resistance and breeding salt tolerance in plants.
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint to agricultural productivity.It is a complex network for plant adaptation to salt stress,and it is still a great challenge to improve crop salt tolerance.Mechanisms of SOS signal transduction pathway on Na+ exclusion and compartmentation,the regulation of microRNA and transcription factors involved in salt stress were reviewed.It will provide a fundamental understanding and knowledge for studying salt resistance and breeding salt tolerance in plants.
2012,31(2):258-264, DOI: 1000-2421（2012）02-0258-07
Abstract:
The characteristics and principles of seed treatment methods commonly used in crop production such as physical,chemical,biotic pesticides,seed priming,seed coating and seed pelleting were summerized.The biological effects of seed treatment were mainly summarized and analyzed.Meanwhile,the trend of crops seed treatment was prospected.
The characteristics and principles of seed treatment methods commonly used in crop production such as physical,chemical,biotic pesticides,seed priming,seed coating and seed pelleting were summerized.The biological effects of seed treatment were mainly summarized and analyzed.Meanwhile,the trend of crops seed treatment was prospected.
Abstract:
In order to overcome the transition，field operation, and standardized batch production difficulties of the existing track cargo vehicle in mountainous orchard, as well as to raise the utilization rate, the mountain orchard detachable unidirectional traction double track cargo vehicle was developed. This paper introduced the whole machine structure, the wire rope diameter selection，the minimum track inclination，the maximum track distance，the minimum track turning radius and the working principle of the rope brake device. Load experiments were carried out to test the cargo′s synthetic track function. It is indicated by calculation that the wire rope diameter should be 7.7 mm，the minimum track inclination was 5.7°, the maximum track distance was 170 m, the minimum track horizontal turning radius was 7 m, and the minimum track vertical turning radius was 2 m. Load experiment results indicated that the cargo vehicle′s uplink average speed was 0.51 m/s, the downlink average speed was 0.54 m/s, the average energy consumption was 1.235 kW·h and the effective use degree was 100%. This cargo vehicle was suitable for fruit, pesticide, chemical fertilizer and other cargo transportation in the mountain orchard. Meanwhile, it can be applied to carry the spraying machine, the shave machine and other agricultural machines.
In order to overcome the transition，field operation, and standardized batch production difficulties of the existing track cargo vehicle in mountainous orchard, as well as to raise the utilization rate, the mountain orchard detachable unidirectional traction double track cargo vehicle was developed. This paper introduced the whole machine structure, the wire rope diameter selection，the minimum track inclination，the maximum track distance，the minimum track turning radius and the working principle of the rope brake device. Load experiments were carried out to test the cargo′s synthetic track function. It is indicated by calculation that the wire rope diameter should be 7.7 mm，the minimum track inclination was 5.7°, the maximum track distance was 170 m, the minimum track horizontal turning radius was 7 m, and the minimum track vertical turning radius was 2 m. Load experiment results indicated that the cargo vehicle′s uplink average speed was 0.51 m/s, the downlink average speed was 0.54 m/s, the average energy consumption was 1.235 kW·h and the effective use degree was 100%. This cargo vehicle was suitable for fruit, pesticide, chemical fertilizer and other cargo transportation in the mountain orchard. Meanwhile, it can be applied to carry the spraying machine, the shave machine and other agricultural machines.
Abstract:
Using Mesorhizobium sp.S-15 and Paenibacillus sp.S-17 as experimental strains.After cell disruption,NH4OAc extraction,H2O2 solution digestion or without any pre-treatment,K+ content in the fermentation broth of potassium solubilizing bacteria was determined with flame photometer.The efficiency of K solubilizing by potassium solubilizing bacteria in the culture medium was calculated.The results showed that the standard curves of the three kinds of K series of standard solutions were similar with the R2 values of 0.994 4,0.999 7 and 0.999 8,respectively.After digested by H2O2 solution,concentration of K+ was detected.The efficiency of two strains was 101.1% and 125.1%,significantly higher than that of other groups.The efficiency of potassium solubilizing detected after H2O2 digestion well reflected potassium solubilization of bacteria.
Using Mesorhizobium sp.S-15 and Paenibacillus sp.S-17 as experimental strains.After cell disruption,NH4OAc extraction,H2O2 solution digestion or without any pre-treatment,K+ content in the fermentation broth of potassium solubilizing bacteria was determined with flame photometer.The efficiency of K solubilizing by potassium solubilizing bacteria in the culture medium was calculated.The results showed that the standard curves of the three kinds of K series of standard solutions were similar with the R2 values of 0.994 4,0.999 7 and 0.999 8,respectively.After digested by H2O2 solution,concentration of K+ was detected.The efficiency of two strains was 101.1% and 125.1%,significantly higher than that of other groups.The efficiency of potassium solubilizing detected after H2O2 digestion well reflected potassium solubilization of bacteria.
2023,42(2):1-8, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.02.001
Abstract:
Cattle industry is an important part of animal husbandry and a pillar industry for agriculture and rural development in China.However， the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of cattle industry and public health security.With the continuous expansion of domestic and foreign trade related to cattle， its impact is on the rise.In this paper， the epidemic characterization， control status and challenges of important bovine diseases in China were reviewed from three aspects， including important infectious diseases， emerging infectious diseases and re-emerging infectious diseases.It is considered that the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle is associated with complex and changing natural， social， and economic factors， which is characterized by following aspects： unclear epidemiological background， the continuous emergence of new diseases， the re-emergence of some controlled diseases， the frequent co-infection with multiple pathogens， diagnosis， and treatment difficulties etc.Finally， based on the current internal and external challenges for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases， the prevention and control suggestions were put forward， in order to provide reference for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases in China.
Cattle industry is an important part of animal husbandry and a pillar industry for agriculture and rural development in China.However， the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of cattle industry and public health security.With the continuous expansion of domestic and foreign trade related to cattle， its impact is on the rise.In this paper， the epidemic characterization， control status and challenges of important bovine diseases in China were reviewed from three aspects， including important infectious diseases， emerging infectious diseases and re-emerging infectious diseases.It is considered that the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle is associated with complex and changing natural， social， and economic factors， which is characterized by following aspects： unclear epidemiological background， the continuous emergence of new diseases， the re-emergence of some controlled diseases， the frequent co-infection with multiple pathogens， diagnosis， and treatment difficulties etc.Finally， based on the current internal and external challenges for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases， the prevention and control suggestions were put forward， in order to provide reference for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases in China.
Abstract:
Flow cytometry and spectrophotometry were used to measure the cell numbers and absorbances of three common cultures including Escherichia coli S17-1, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Bacillius subtilis 168 at different concentrations in the laboratory. Then the absorbance values and cell numbers of each culture were compared. The function relationship between absorbance and cell numbers was established. The results showed that the absorbance value and cell numbers of the three common cultures in the laboratory were significantly positively correlated with the concentration at the certain concentration. It was verified that the absorbance value of the culture can reflect the number of cells during the culture process using the fitting function. The relationship between the absorbance and cell number of three strains including Escherichia coli S17-1, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Bacillius subtilis 168 was established. It will provide the foundation for developing biological experiments to determine the cell number and downstream molecules in the culture using a spectrophotometer.
Flow cytometry and spectrophotometry were used to measure the cell numbers and absorbances of three common cultures including Escherichia coli S17-1, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Bacillius subtilis 168 at different concentrations in the laboratory. Then the absorbance values and cell numbers of each culture were compared. The function relationship between absorbance and cell numbers was established. The results showed that the absorbance value and cell numbers of the three common cultures in the laboratory were significantly positively correlated with the concentration at the certain concentration. It was verified that the absorbance value of the culture can reflect the number of cells during the culture process using the fitting function. The relationship between the absorbance and cell number of three strains including Escherichia coli S17-1, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Bacillius subtilis 168 was established. It will provide the foundation for developing biological experiments to determine the cell number and downstream molecules in the culture using a spectrophotometer.
Abstract:
This review of the safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops is focused primarily on the process and progress in the United States (US). It reviews the development of the safety evaluation process from the Asilomar conference in 1975 considering issues relevant to recombinant DNA technology,to discussions between the US government,academic and industrial scientists between 1984 and 1994 when the first GM crops were being field tested and evaluated commercial release for food and feed production. International guidelines were also reviewed for consistency with the US system. The overall process includes consideration of information relating to history of safe or unsafe human and exposure to the gene source and expressed proteins. The primary considerations of safety for dietary proteins are whether or not some consumers are sensitized and have IgE antibodies against the protein encoded by the transgene or whether the transgene represents a risk of eliciting celiac disease. The process considers potential toxic effects of expressed proteins as well as potential impacts on human and animal nutrition. The process in the US is consistent with Codex Alimentarius recommendations. It follows a science based process based on justifiable hypotheses. To date there is no evidence that GM crops approved in the US have harmed human or animal consumers. The evaluation takes into account genetic and environmental variation in products produced by plant varieties and is intended to maintain the standard that foods developed from GM plants are intended to be as safe as non-GM genetically similar varieties.
This review of the safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops is focused primarily on the process and progress in the United States (US). It reviews the development of the safety evaluation process from the Asilomar conference in 1975 considering issues relevant to recombinant DNA technology,to discussions between the US government,academic and industrial scientists between 1984 and 1994 when the first GM crops were being field tested and evaluated commercial release for food and feed production. International guidelines were also reviewed for consistency with the US system. The overall process includes consideration of information relating to history of safe or unsafe human and exposure to the gene source and expressed proteins. The primary considerations of safety for dietary proteins are whether or not some consumers are sensitized and have IgE antibodies against the protein encoded by the transgene or whether the transgene represents a risk of eliciting celiac disease. The process considers potential toxic effects of expressed proteins as well as potential impacts on human and animal nutrition. The process in the US is consistent with Codex Alimentarius recommendations. It follows a science based process based on justifiable hypotheses. To date there is no evidence that GM crops approved in the US have harmed human or animal consumers. The evaluation takes into account genetic and environmental variation in products produced by plant varieties and is intended to maintain the standard that foods developed from GM plants are intended to be as safe as non-GM genetically similar varieties.
2012,31(1):127-132, DOI: 1000-2421（2012）01-0127-06
Abstract:
Post-harvest strawberries are susceptible to the decay of fruit and deterioration of quality due to pathogenic fungi infections,a main factor leading to economic losses for both growers and retailers.With the increase of strawberries planting in China,it is urgent to effectively reduce post-harvest rots of strawberry fruits.In this review,new management developments for controlling fungal diseases in post-harvest strawberry were summarized in terms of physical,chemical and biological approaches,which can help to extend the on-shelf time of strawberry fruits.
Post-harvest strawberries are susceptible to the decay of fruit and deterioration of quality due to pathogenic fungi infections,a main factor leading to economic losses for both growers and retailers.With the increase of strawberries planting in China,it is urgent to effectively reduce post-harvest rots of strawberry fruits.In this review,new management developments for controlling fungal diseases in post-harvest strawberry were summarized in terms of physical,chemical and biological approaches,which can help to extend the on-shelf time of strawberry fruits.
2011,30(5):613-617, DOI: 1000-2421（2011）05-0613-05
Abstract:
Pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of spraying different micronutrients and amino acids into the surface of leaves on yield and quality of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.).The results showed that methionine,zinc,molybdenum,boron and glycine could increase yield of Chinese cabbage.The treatments of spraying methionine,zinc and molybdenum increased yield of Chinese cabbage significantly.All treatments could reduce the nitrate content of Chinese cabbage with the highest decrease of 35.0% compared with the control.Molybdenum,boron,zinc and methionine might reduce nitrate content of Chinese cabbage significantly.Experiment also indicated that glycine,proline and selenium could both increase the contents of vitamin C,soluble sugar and soluble protein of Chinese cabbage.Therefore,spraying micronutrient or amino acids into the surface of leaves is a good application for increasing yield,reducing nitrate content and improving quality of Chinese cabbage.
Pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of spraying different micronutrients and amino acids into the surface of leaves on yield and quality of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.).The results showed that methionine,zinc,molybdenum,boron and glycine could increase yield of Chinese cabbage.The treatments of spraying methionine,zinc and molybdenum increased yield of Chinese cabbage significantly.All treatments could reduce the nitrate content of Chinese cabbage with the highest decrease of 35.0% compared with the control.Molybdenum,boron,zinc and methionine might reduce nitrate content of Chinese cabbage significantly.Experiment also indicated that glycine,proline and selenium could both increase the contents of vitamin C,soluble sugar and soluble protein of Chinese cabbage.Therefore,spraying micronutrient or amino acids into the surface of leaves is a good application for increasing yield,reducing nitrate content and improving quality of Chinese cabbage.
2012,31(5):569-573, DOI: 1000-2421（2012）05-0569-05
Abstract:
Hydroponic experiments of strawberry were conducted with three formulations of nutrient solution to select the best formulations for soilless cultivation of strawberry.Several main characteristics of growth including the fresh weight and dry weight of overground plant and root，the growth of crown，the photosynthetic and quality of strawberry，the diameter of staminate flower，the growth amass were investigated．The results showed that the effect of nutrient solution with the content of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate,potassium nitrate,ammonium dihydrogen phosphate,magnesium sulfate and ammonium nitrate at 295,303,62,246,0 mg/L on the growing status and fruit quality of strawberry are better than that of the other 2 treatments.This nutrient solution formula was the most propitious for the growth of ‘Jingyao’ strawberry and the enhancement of the fruit quality among the three different treatnments.That is,it facilitated the growth of strawberry in alimentation growth periods,and the leaves of ‘Jingyao’ strawberry was larger and thicker with a dark-green color,and the diameter of the pedicel was also larger. In addition,the nutrient solution formula was also conducive to the flowering promotion and the reproductive growth of strawberry,and resultes showed that the single fruit weight,yield and fruit quality is the best comparing to the other treatments.The results of this study provided academic and technological basis for establishing high yield and quality of strawberry in greenhouse substrate culture of irrigation and nitrogen application system.
Hydroponic experiments of strawberry were conducted with three formulations of nutrient solution to select the best formulations for soilless cultivation of strawberry.Several main characteristics of growth including the fresh weight and dry weight of overground plant and root，the growth of crown，the photosynthetic and quality of strawberry，the diameter of staminate flower，the growth amass were investigated．The results showed that the effect of nutrient solution with the content of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate,potassium nitrate,ammonium dihydrogen phosphate,magnesium sulfate and ammonium nitrate at 295,303,62,246,0 mg/L on the growing status and fruit quality of strawberry are better than that of the other 2 treatments.This nutrient solution formula was the most propitious for the growth of ‘Jingyao’ strawberry and the enhancement of the fruit quality among the three different treatnments.That is,it facilitated the growth of strawberry in alimentation growth periods,and the leaves of ‘Jingyao’ strawberry was larger and thicker with a dark-green color,and the diameter of the pedicel was also larger. In addition,the nutrient solution formula was also conducive to the flowering promotion and the reproductive growth of strawberry,and resultes showed that the single fruit weight,yield and fruit quality is the best comparing to the other treatments.The results of this study provided academic and technological basis for establishing high yield and quality of strawberry in greenhouse substrate culture of irrigation and nitrogen application system.
2011,30(4):488-493, DOI: 1000-2421（2011）04-0488-06
Abstract:
The morphological variations and discriminant methods of Channa argus (♂)，C.maculata (♀) and their hybrid were studied using traditional morphometrics and the truss network analysis.Body color of C.argus,C.maculata and their hybrid were observed.The results showed significant differences between C.argus and C.maculata from stripe at top of head,side and base of caudal fin,and the hybrid resembled C.maculata from body color.Among eleven meristic characters,the numbers of soft ray of pelvic fin were consistent in these three species,and the numbers of soft ray of pectoral fin deviated from its male parent’s species.The other meristic characters were within the range of its parent’s,the average hybrid index was calculated to be 53.45.The chi-square analysis of meristic characters showed that:there were significant differences(P<0.05) or greater significant differences(P<0.01) between C.argus and C.maculata except the number of pectoral fin rays; greater significant differences(P<0.01) between C.argus and the hybrid except the number of tail fin rays,gill rakers,lateral line scales and scales below lateral line; and significant differences(P<0.05) or greater significant differences(P<0.01) between C.maculata and the hybrid except the number of tail fin rays and gill rakers.Among meristic characters,the number of dorsal fin rays,lateral line scales and scales above lateral line can be used as preliminary indicators to determine the three species.Among ten measurable characters,the average hybrid index was calculated to be 73.90,indicating the measurable character inclined to its male parent’s species (C.argus).Cluster analysis,discriminant analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the measurable character data and the truss network data.The results indicated that the hybrid resembled C.argus from body shape,and there were greater morphological differences among C.argus,C.maculata and their hybrid.Differences between them involved the entire body.Three species could be distinguished by using the 3 formulae established with discriminant analysis which the discrimination accuracy was 100.0%.
The morphological variations and discriminant methods of Channa argus (♂)，C.maculata (♀) and their hybrid were studied using traditional morphometrics and the truss network analysis.Body color of C.argus,C.maculata and their hybrid were observed.The results showed significant differences between C.argus and C.maculata from stripe at top of head,side and base of caudal fin,and the hybrid resembled C.maculata from body color.Among eleven meristic characters,the numbers of soft ray of pelvic fin were consistent in these three species,and the numbers of soft ray of pectoral fin deviated from its male parent’s species.The other meristic characters were within the range of its parent’s,the average hybrid index was calculated to be 53.45.The chi-square analysis of meristic characters showed that:there were significant differences(P<0.05) or greater significant differences(P<0.01) between C.argus and C.maculata except the number of pectoral fin rays; greater significant differences(P<0.01) between C.argus and the hybrid except the number of tail fin rays,gill rakers,lateral line scales and scales below lateral line; and significant differences(P<0.05) or greater significant differences(P<0.01) between C.maculata and the hybrid except the number of tail fin rays and gill rakers.Among meristic characters,the number of dorsal fin rays,lateral line scales and scales above lateral line can be used as preliminary indicators to determine the three species.Among ten measurable characters,the average hybrid index was calculated to be 73.90,indicating the measurable character inclined to its male parent’s species (C.argus).Cluster analysis,discriminant analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the measurable character data and the truss network data.The results indicated that the hybrid resembled C.argus from body shape,and there were greater morphological differences among C.argus,C.maculata and their hybrid.Differences between them involved the entire body.Three species could be distinguished by using the 3 formulae established with discriminant analysis which the discrimination accuracy was 100.0%.
More+
About UsMore+
- ·Aim and Scope07-23
- ·About the Editors07-23
- ·Editorials Board07-23
Introduction of
the journal
More+
Periodical information
- Supervisor:
Huazhong A gricultural University
- Unit:
Huazhong A gricultural University
- Chief Editor：
ZHANG Xianlong
- Edited and:
Editorial Department of Journal of Huazhong
- Address:
No.1 Shizishan Street,Hongshan District,Wuhan, Hubei,China
- Tel：
027-87287364
- E-mail:
hnlkxb@mail.hzau.edu.cn
- Domestic distribution:
Wuhan post office
- Domestic order:
Post offices all over the country
- Overseas Distributort:
China International Book Trading Corporation(P.O.Box 399,Beijing 100044,China)
- ISSN:
1000-2421
- CN:
42-1181/S
- Postal code:
38-120
- Unit Price:
20.00
- Frequency ：
Bimonthly
WeChat
Access statistics
- Today's visits:
- Total visits: