Winter rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） is an important oil crop in China and a major winter rotation crop in southern China. Developing rapeseed production is of great strategic significance for ensuring the safe supply of food and oil in China. Since the beginning of the 21st century， the previous fertilization technology is no longer suitable for new production models due to the shift from transplanting rapeseed to direct seeding and light planting. The development of the rapeseed industry has put forward new requirements for the theory and technology of fertilization. This article summarized the progress in the field of rapeseed fertilization technology in China in the past 20 years. The workers from agricultural science and technology in China proposed a precise nutrient regulation strategy for winter rapeseed through collaborative efforts， which involves the combination of nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium， boron， and magnesium， particularly in the promotion of nutrients at the early stage of growth and stabilization of nutrients at the later stages of growth. A nutrient regulation method including “precise fertilization to strengthen seedlings and promote high yield” at the early stage and “relying on stable soil nutrient supply to promote efficient and stable yield” at the later stage for winter rapeseed was established. The “five precision” rapeseed efficient fertilization technology with “precise source， precise ratio， precise rate， precise time， and precise place” as the core was innovated. A series of new fertilizer products including balanced fertilizers with a specialized formula of required nutrients， slow-release fertilizers， and controlled-release urea were developed. A light， simple， and efficient fertilization model was established， optimized and applied at large-scale， supporting the green， high-quality， and efficient development of the rapeseed industry. In response to the new opportunities and challenges faced by winter rapeseed production in China， prospects including strengthening efficient fertilization techniques for short-growth-period rapeseed in southern China， developing fertilization techniques suitable for the multifunctional utilization of rapeseed， exploring nutrient management techniques to cope with climate change， further strengthening the research and development of new high-efficiency specialized fertilizer products and innovation in fertilization technology matching with the development of modern agriculture， and attaching importance to the breeding and application of rapeseed varieties with high nutrient efficiency are proposed from the perspective of fertilization technology.