Abstract:Six cultivation modes including no-tillage dry-raising seedling,seedling machine planting,no-tillage tray-raising seedling,no-tillage rapeseed-rice interplant,direct seedling and conventional planting were used to compare the rice growth process,severity of main rice diseases including rice blast,rice false smut and sheath blight,and differences of rice yield.Results showed that the growth process of leaf age under direct seedling and conventional planting was generally faster than that under small seedling machine cultivation.The severity of rice blast,sheath blight and rice false smut under different cultivation modes was different.The order of yield per 667 m2 under different cultivation modes from high to low was the conventional planting,followed by seedling machine planting,direct seedling,no-tillage tray-raising seedling,no-tillage dry-raising seedling and no-tillage rapeseed-rice interplant.Different cultivation modes affected the rice growth process,the severity of disease and rice yield to some extent.Comprehensive diseases occurrence under conventional planting and seedling machine planting was superior to that under the other four cultivation modes.

Abstract:To study the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the yield,quality and physiological characteristics of chewing cane,and to provide scientific basis for the application of ultrasonic treatment in the production of chewing cane.Six treatments (A:25 kHz,1 min; B:25 kHz,3 min; C:25 kHz,5 min; D:33 kHz,1 min; E:33 kHz,3 min; F:33 kHz,5 min) were set up based on the two-factor experiment of different treatment frequencies and different treatment time.In addition,the untreated buds were used as control (CK).The results showed that,compared with the control,the ultrasonic treatment had a promoting effect on the budding rate,tillering rate,growth rate,plant height,single stem weight and effective stem number of hectare,and the cane yield increased by 10.28%-55.60%,and sucrose content increased by -0.39%-0.79% (absolute value).The activity of antioxidant enzymes,such as catalase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in leaves at the seedling stage,tillering stage and early jointing stage,could be improved,and the content of malondialdehyde in leaf plasma membrane could be reduced,and the resistance to chewing cane could be enhanced.Comprehensive analysis showed that the best treatment was 33 kHz and 5 min (cane yield increased by 55.60% and sucrose content increased by 0.31%).The research results have reference value for the application of ultrasonic treatment in chewing cane production.

Abstract:The RNAi vector of PhGRP was constructed and transformed into petunia to identify the function of PhGRP expressed specifically in the early development of petunia anther.Compared with wild type，no obvious difference of the plant appearance was found in transgenic petunia，but most of the morphological indexes of its floral organs significantly increased.Results of the pollen grain staining and in vitro culture showed that the male fertility of transgenic lines was significantly lower than that of the wild type.Results of scanning electron microscope observation showed pollen grains of the transgenic lines were deformed，with abnormal exine decoration.Results of cytological observation showed that the tapetum developed thickly and degraded slowly in the transgenic lines，indicating that the abnormal development of tapetum might be the main cause of aborted pollen grain.

Abstract:The Prunus pseudocerasus ‘Manaohong’ was used to study the effects of different biochar treatments on physiological and biochemical characteristics at the seedling stage to lay the foundation for applying biochar in cherry production. Three kinds of biochar including corn stalks,tobacco stalks and apple branches and two application rates including 30 g/kg and 60 g/kg were set in the pot experiment. The results showed that different biochar and different dosages had different effects on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Prunus pseudocerasus ‘Manaohong’. The application of biochar promoted the growth of plant. Compared with the control,the length of new shoots and the number of leaves under biochar treatment were significantly increased,with increase of 37.50%~119.51% and 2.67%~53.39%,respectively. There was no significant difference between plant height and stem diameter. The application of biochar increased the activity of chlorophyll content,POD,SOD and CAT. Compared with the control,the chlorophyll content under low application rate (30 g/kg) and the high application rate (60 g/kg) increased by 13.35%,and 3.96%,respectively. The activity of POD,SOD and CAT of apple branches treated with 30 g/kg was significantly higher than that of the control,with increase of 0.87,2.24 and 0.4 times,respectively. After application of biochar,the content of soluble sugar,soluble protein,carotenoid and MDA in leaves decreased by 15.05%,26.36%,14.05% and 12.15%,respectively. The average value of the membership function of apple branches treated with 30 g/kg was the highest,indicating that the suitable application rate (30 g/kg) effectively improve the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Prunus pseudocerasus ‘Manaohong’ and can be used for its high yield and high quality cultivation.

Abstract:Field experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil disinfection by dazomet on the control efficacy of cabbage clubroot disease and soil fungal communities analyzed by high through-put sequencing of ribosomal genes in the high mountain area of Lichuan city of Hubei Province.Results showed that the control efficacy of soil disinfection by dazomet (DA) was 91.56%,significantly higher than that of fluazinam (FL) and control (CK).Compared with FL and CK,the yield of DA was increased 63.18% and 237.33%.The net income of DA was increased 19.38% and 93.81%.The result of quantitative real-time PCR showed that there were 415 spores/g in the soil by DA treatment,lower than that by FL (3 120 spores/g) and significantly lower than that in CK (12 833 spores/g) (P＜0.05).The result of high through-put sequencing of ribosomal genes showed that there were 1 842 fungal OTUs (operational taxonomic unit),of which 180 (9.88%) were commonly detected in three treatments.The community structures of fungi in three treatments were similar,but a part of genera had greater changes of abundance.Both DA and FL had a great influence on fungal α diversities.Among 4 indexes,the Chao1 and ACE indexes of DA and FL were significantly lower than that of CK (P＜0.05).The result of analyzing fungal β diversities showed that DA and FL were close to each other in distance,but further away from CK.The result of Metastats analyses showed that under DA and FL treatments,there were 15 and 29 genera with significant changes of abundance,respectively.The above results demonstrated that soil disinfection by DA can effectively control cabbage clubroot with significantly higher economic profits,while had no significant impact on soil fungal diversity.

Abstract:The relationship between Phyllocnistis citrella and citrus canker,was investigated at Guojiaba town in Zigui County,Hubei Province from April,2017 to October,2018.The results showed that P. citrella and citrus Canker occurred at the same Position based on the field observation and symptom comparison. Citrus canker diseases spread along with paths on leaves caused by P. citrella. The disease symptoms were varied as powdery during the high-incidence period of P. citrella. The 20 years data of P. citrella quantity of 100 leaves,occurrence area of citrus canker and disease index of citrus canker from Plant Protection Station of Zigui County showed that there was inter-annual and annual synchrony of increase and decline dynamic in incidence of P. citrella and citrus canker disease . Pathogens from the paths caused by P. citrella were molecularly identified as casual pathogen of citrus canker. It is indicated that P. citrella is an important factor for spreading citrus canker disease and increasing its severity. Preventing the incidence of P. citrella will be effective for controlling citrus canker disease.

Abstract:The arginine kinase in Heortia vitessoides was obtained by screening the adult H.vitessoides transcriptome database and named HvAK (GenBank：MH794282).Bioinformatic analyses of HvAK and expression of HvAK at various developmental stages and larval tissues were performed.The role of HvAK gene in the growth and development of H. vitessoides was studied by detecting the expression level of HvAK under high temperature and low temperature stress.The results showed that the HvAK cDNA contains an open reading frame with 1 068 bp,encoding a protein with 355 amino acid.Result of homologous alignment showed that the highest homology between HvAK and AK gene of Bombyx mori was 94.10%.The results of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that HvAK was expressed in all larval tissues and developmental stages tested,with the highest expression of HvAK in the head and in the 5th instar larva.Both high and low temperature induced upregulation of HvAK expression,indicating that HvAK gene may be involved in resisting adverse external environment during H. vitessoides growth and development.

Abstract:The trifoliate seedlings were treated with 4 treatments including P4B0 (pH=4,B=0 μmol/L),P4B10(pH=4,B=10 μmol/L),P6B0 (pH=6,B=0 μmol/L),P6B10 (pH=6,B=10 μmol/L) to study the effects of boron on the content of various elements at different parts of trifoliate seedlings and the roots MDA,soluble protein and activities of intracellular H+ related enzymes in low pH environment. The results showed that both B deficiency and low pH inhibited the plant height,root length and dry matter accumulation of trifoliate seedlings. Adding boron under low pH (pH=4) increased the content of elements such as K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn and B in roots,stems and leaves,and alleviated the cation imbalance caused by excess H+. At pH=4,the MDA content in the roots of boron deficiency treatment was 4.5 times higher than that in boron,and the soluble protein was increased by 38.8%. Moreover,at low pH (pH=4),boron addition increased the activities of NADP-ME and H+-ATPase in root cells by 114.7% and 80.8%,respectively,while the activity of PEPCase decreased by 51.4%. It is indicated that boron application under low pH conditions can increase the contents of multiple elements in the roots,stems and leaves of the trifoliate roots,regulate the activities of H+ related enzymes in the cells,maintain the intracellular pH stability,and avoid the damage caused by high H+ activity.

Abstract:The random forest algorithm (RF) combined with multi-source environmental variables was used to decompose the traditional soil maps of the Qinshui River Basin in Huajiahe Town,Hong’an County,Huanggang City,Hubei Province.The composite soil maps mixed with various soil types were refined,new boundaries were drawn inside the soil polygons to represent a single soil type,and the updated soil map was verified by 373 field sampling points.Results showed that the updated soil map improved its drawing accuracy from 63% to 76%,showing more detailed spatial details and spatial variation information,indicating that using the random forest algorithm to digitally map the traditional soil is feasible and reliable.

Abstract:Citric acid and ethylene-diamine were used to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon dots by hydrothermal reaction. The fluorescence changes of carbon dots under different pH conditions were systematically studied. The results showed that the fluorescence of the carbon dots gradually decreased,and the rate of decline was faster in the solution of pH 9.0 than in the solutions of pH 5.0 and pH 7.4 as the illumination time increased. On this basis,UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the fluorescence quenching mechanism of carbon dots after illumination. It was found that the illumination destroyed the conjugated π-electron structure of the carbon dots,so that the fluorescence was quenched,and the dissolved oxygen in the solution had no significant effect on the photostability of the carbon dots.

Abstract:The cotton field cover treatments including biodegradable mulch film(BD) and the common mulch(PE) were set up in 2017,Shihezi,Xinjiang to study the degree of degradation of biodegradable mulch film and effects on soil temperature,cotton canopy density,yield and quality under drip irrigation conditions.The economic effects were analyzed.Results showed that the film surface began to degrade after 60 days of BD coverage,and the degradation rate of cotton harvest was 75.71%.The PE was not degraded during the whole growth period,and the normal loss of film quality was 4.70%.The soil temperature at the four stages of cotton including seedling,bud,flowering and boll opening under BD treatment was 1.80,2.32,2.26,and 0.91℃ lower than that under PE treatment,respectively.There was no difference in the degree of canopy density between the BD and PE at 58 d.The density was completed at 87 d.The growth rate of BD canopy was 6.36% faster than that of PE.The plant height,the number of fruit branches,and the weight of single bolls of BD were all lower than that of PE,but the number of effective bolls per plant of BD was 0.1 higher than that of PE.BD reduced production by 55.8 kg/hm2 compared with PE.There was no difference in cotton fiber quality.The net income of BD decreased by 1 012 yuan/hm2.In production,BD can be used to replace the common film and improve the residual film pollution problem to a certain extent,but the price and function is still needed to be further optimized.

Abstract:The codon of keratinase gene kerUS from the Brevibacillus brevis US575 was optimized and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 to improve keratinase production. Results showed that the gene optimized was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The molecular weight of recombinant keratinase was about 30 ku. The optimal reaction conditions of keratinase were pH 9.5 and 60℃. The keratinase activity was improved by 1 mmol/L Mn2+ and Ba2+. In addition,the recombinant keratinase efficiently degraded α-keratin (keratin azure) and β-keratin (feather powder). The maximum speed of the enzyme reaction,the constant Km,and the specific activity was 0.019 g/(L·min）,4.64 g/L,and 440 U/mg,respectively. It is indicated that the novel recombinant Pichia pastoris strain with keratinase production has a good application prospect.

Abstract:Mesorhizobium huakuii tpp mutant HKtpp was obtained by homologous recombination,and the effects of mutant HKtpp on the growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation function of the strain were studied by autogenous growth and plant pot experiment. The results showed that the mutant HKtpp reduced the strain growth,and the activity of glutathione reductase in the mutant strain was significantly decreased. The mutant HKtpp formed effective red nodules,but its nitrogenase activity was decreased by 26.4%. It is indicated that tpp gene played an important role in the growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium.

Abstract:In order to confirm that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology based on lentivirus could be applied to the editing of chicken genome, this study selected the mavs gene as the target, designed sgRNA, constructed the recombined lentivirus expressing sgRNA of mavs, and infected the DF1-Cas9 cells.T7E1 enzyme digestion test and mavs gene targeting sequencing methods were used to analyze whether the technology can be used for gene editing of chicken cells.The targeting fragment of 1 220 bp was amplified, and two bands about 300 bp and 900 bp were observed by T7E1 digestion and agarose gel analysis, indicating that the cells infected with the lentivirus were mutated.Sequence analysis revealed that multiple base deletion mutations were present in the targeting sequences, indicating that CRISPR/Cas9 technology based on lentivirus system could be used to edit the chicken genome.

Abstract:The changes in physicochemical properties of probiotic fermented beverage during processing and fermentation were studied.The results showed that the number of viable cells in the mango juice after fermentation was 2.13×107 cfu/mL,and the POD enzyme,PPO enzyme and PME enzyme were inactivated under the optimal conditions.After fermentation of mango juice,the antioxidant activity and the nutrient content increased.The content of protein,total sugar,water,vitamin C,and the soluble dietary fiber increased by 92.97%,47.32%,1.66%,27.37%,and 13.24%,respectively.The titratable acid increased by 1 time,but the reducing sugar content decreased by 10.84%.The total phenolic content in fermented mango juice increased by 13.24% compared with fresh mango juice.The results of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) showed that the content of gallic acid,p-hydroxybenzoic acid and mangiferin decreased after fermentation,and the content of quercetin and its derivatives and gallic acid glycosides increased significantly.After fermentation,the ratio of sugar to acid of mango juice was 62.91±0.72,making the fermented mango juice have sweet,sour,harmonious taste and high quality.The color of the fermented mango juice is softer and the graininess is increased,but the dispersion is more uniform and the state is more stable.

Abstract:A novel high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method (HPLC-UV) was developed for quantitatively determining the content of hazardous 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in soy sauce.3-MCPD was first azidated with sodium azide,and the obtained azide product was further subjected to a CuAAC type click reaction with phenylacetylene,and the resulting derivative 3-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3 -triazol-1-yl) propane-1,2-diol (3-PTPD) was obtained and analyzed with HPLC-UV finally.The detection limits and quantitation limits of 3-MCPD were 0.1 and 0.3 μg/mL,respectively,and the linear relationship was good (r2=0.999).The results of spiked recovery test of soy sauce samples showed that the recoveries of the method were from 98.63% to 100.17%,and the relative standard deviation (RSD value) was from 1.95% to 4.74%.This method is compared with the national standard test method GB 5009.191―2016 as well,and the results obtained by the two methods are consistent.

Abstract:In view of the current alternate pattern of citrus bearing fruit,it is necessary to carry out the whole process of citrus fruit trees.A space-adjustable citrus trimmer with bilateral and neat trim is designed to meet the needs of standardized orchard pruning.The results of the torque sensor bench test showed that the sawing energy consumption and trimming effect were best when the sawing speed was 3 000 r/min and the feed speed was 0.6 m/s.The citrus trimmer had a trim width ranging from 1.6 to 2.4 m and a trim height adjustment range of 2.0 to 2.5 m.The trimmer performed the cutting operation under different trim shapes.The maximum cutting rate of the trimmer was 10.1%,the minimum cutting rate was 3.5%,the qualified rate of trimming was more than 88%.The trimming tree and section met the agronomic requirements,indicating that the designed trimer has a good practicality and it will provide a novel method for studying the citrus pruning mechanization.

Abstract:Synthesis systems composed of magnesium,aluminum,copper oxide,ferroferric oxide,calcium fluoride,tin oxide,tin and straw powders of rice,wheat,corn,rape or cotton were set at a fixed mass fraction,and chemical compositions of 227 groups of crop straw powders from different breeds or planting area were determined.Change rules of conversion rates,particle sizes and compositions of different nano-tin oxide products were analyzed and effects of the total contents of cellulose,hemicellulose and soluble sugar in crop straws on nano-tin oxide products can be obtained.Results show that all of these 5 crop straw powders are suitable for preparing nano-tin oxides via self propagating high temperature synthesis method and rice straw powder is the best one.The total contents of cellulose,hemicellulose and soluble sugar in straw powders of rice,wheat,corn,rape and cotton decline in turn,which leads to similar decrease of heat and gas production in synthesis systems containing of them,so that conversion rates and mass fractions of Sn of the nano-tin oxide products prepared from them fall in turn.However,there is no significant difference in mean diameters of nano-tin oxide products prepared from these 5 crop straw powders and no a common function relationship between total contents of cellulose,hemicellulose and soluble sugar in them and these mean diameters,which means it is impossible to adjust the particle sizes of nano-tin oxide products only by changing the kind of crop straw powders.

Abstract:With the improvement of living standards,people’s demand for aquatic crustacean products such as shrimp and crab is increasing day by day,and the shrimp and crab breeding industry has made great progress recently.At the same time,due to frequent outburst of diseases,shrimp farming industry loses tens of billions of dollars every year.Immune system in vertebrates consists of innate immunity and adaptive immunity,but lack specific adaptive immunity,therefore,vertebrates mainly depend on innate immunity to defend themselves against pathogen invasion.As an important class of invertebrates,shrimp has been found to advance rapidly in the research of innate immunity in the past decade,and shrimp antiviral (especially anti-WSSV immunity) research has made considerable progress.There is no effective platforms,such as cell line and recognized model organism for shrimp and other crustaceans.However,there are still some studies using shrimp or crab as models to study the innate immune response mechanism of crustaceans,which can not only enrich the knowledge of innate immune mechanism,but also provide effective theoretical support for the disease prevention and control of crustaceans.This paper summarizes the research results of innate immunity of shrimps in recent years,and the current research progress in immune recognition,signal transduction,immune defense and so on.Especially,the mechanism of disease resistance of crayfish,a famous and special product in Hubei Province,is described in detail.